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ALL Reading Blanks: Special All approaches aim to increase blood flow to areas of tension and to release painful knots opt1 muscle known as “trigger points”. “Trigger points are tense areas of muscle that are almost constantly contracting,” says Kippen. “The contraction causes pain, which in turn causes contraction, so you have a vicious circle. This is what deep tissue massage aims to break.” The way to do this, as I found out under Ogedengbe elbow, is to apply pressure opt2 the point, stopping the blood flow, and then to release, which causes the brain to flood the affected area opt3 blood, encouraging the muscle to relax. At the same time, says Kippen, you can fool the tensed muscle opt4 relaxing by applying pressure to a complementary one nearby. OF, TO, WITH, INTO 1) When it comes to job-hunting, first IMPRESSIONS are critical. Remember, you are marketing a product - yourself - to a potential employer. The first thing the employer sees when greeting you is your ATTIRE; thus, you must make every effort to have the proper dress for the type of job you are seeking. Will dressing properly get you the job? Of course not, but it will give you a competitive edge and a POSITIVE first impression. How should you dress? Dressing conservatively is always the safest route, but you should also try and do a little INVESTIGATION of your PROSPECTIVE employer so that what you wear to the interview makes you look as though you FIT in with the organisation. 2) [LAM: 1st 3]. 4 blanks, Private schools in the UK are redoubling their marketing efforts to foreigners. Almost a third of the 68,000 boarding pupils at such schools ALREADY come from overseas. But now, with many UK residents UNWILLING orunable to afford the fees – top boarding schools are edging towards £30,000 ($49,759) a year – and a cultural SHIFT away from boarding, many schools are looking abroad to survive. Overseas students now ACCOUNT for about….. 3) All approaches aim to increase blood flow to areas of tension and to release painful knots OF muscle known as “trigger points”. “Trigger points are tense areas of muscle that are almost constantly contracting,” says Kippen. “The contraction causes pain, which in turn causes contraction, so you have a vicious circle. This is what deep tissue massage aims to break.” The way to do this, as I found out under Ogedengbe elbow, is to apply pressure TO the point, stopping the blood flow, and then to release, which causes the brain to flood the affected area WITH blood, encouraging the muscle to relax. At the same time, says Kippen, you can fool the tensed muscle INTO relaxing by applying pressure to a complementary one nearby. 4) [LAM] Although environmentalists have been WARNING about this situation for decades, many other people are finally beginning to realise that if we don’t act soon it will be too late. The good news is that more and more businesses and governments are beginning to UNDERSTAND that without a healthy environment the global economy and everything that depends on it will be seriously endangered. And they are beginning to take POSITIVE action. 5) [LAM] The invasion of non-indigenous plants is considered a primary threat to integrity and function of ecosystems. However, there is little quantitative or EXPERIMENTAL evidence for ecosystem impacts of invasive species. Justifications for control are often based on potential, but not presently realized, recognized or quantified, negative impacts. Should lack of scientific certainty about impacts of non-indigenous species result in postponing measures to prevent degradation? Recently, management of purple loosestrife (Lythrumsalicaria), has been criticized for lack of evidence demonstrating negative impacts of L. salicaria, and management using biocontrol for lack of evidence documenting the failure of conventional control methods. Although little quantitative evidence on negative impacts on native wetland biota and wetland function was available at the onset of the control program in 1985, recent work has demonstrated that the invasion of purple loosestrife into North American freshwater wetlands alters DECOMPOSITION rates and nutrient cycling, leads to reductions in wetland plant diversity, reduces pollination and seed output of the native Lythrumalatum, and reduces habitat SUITABILITY for specialized wetland bird species such as black terns, least bitterns, pied-billed grebes, and marsh wrens. Conventional methods (physical, mechanical or chemical), have continuously failed to CURB the spread of purple loosestrife or to provide satisfactory control. Although a number of generalist insect and bird species utilize purple loosestrife, wetland habitat specialists are excluded by ENCROACHMENT of L. salicaria. We conclude that negative ecosystem impacts of purple loosestrife in North America justify control of the species and that DETRIMENTAL effects of purple loosestrife on wetland systems and biota and the potential benefits of control outweigh potential risks associated with the introduction of biocontrol agents. Long-term experiments and monitoring programs that are in place will evaluate the impact of these insects on purple loosestrife, on wetland plant succession and other wetland biota. 6) Egg-eating snakes are a small group of snakes whoseDIET consists only of eggs. Some eat only bird's eggs, which they have to swallow WHOLE, as the snake has no teeth. Instead, these snakes have SPINES that stick out from the backbone. The spines crack the egg OPEN as it passes through the throat. 7) [LAM] The first section of the book covers new modes of assessment. In Chapter 1, Kimbell (Goldsmith College, London) responds to CRITICISM of design programs as formalistic and conventional, stating that a focus on risk-taking rather than hard work in design innovation is equally problematic. His research contains three parts that include preliminary exploration of design innovation qualities, investigation of resulting classroom practices, and development of evidence-based assessment. The assessment he describes is presented in the form of a structured worksheet, which includes a collaborative ELEMENT and digital photographs, in story format. Such a device encourages stimulating ideas, but does not recognize students as design INNOVATORS. The assessment sheet includes holistic impressions as well as details about "having, growing, and proving" ideas. COLLOQUIAL judgments are evident in terms such as "wow" and "yawn" and reward the quality and quantity of ideas with the term, "sparkiness", which fittingly is a pun as the model project was to design light bulb packaging. In addition, the assessment focuses on the process Of optimizing or complexity control as well as proving ideas with thoughtful criticism and not just generation of novel ideas. The definitions for qualities such as "technical" and "aesthetic" pertaining to users, are too narrow and ill-defined. The author provides EXAMPLES of the project, its features and structures, students' notes and judgments, and their sketches and photographs Of finished light bulb packages, in the appendix. 8) VERSION 1 [LAM] Heriot-Watt University in Edinburgh has become the first in Europe to offer an MBA in Arabic. Arab students will be able to sign up to study at a DISTANCE for the business courses in their own language. The Edinburgh Business School ANNOUNCED the project at a reception in Cairo on Saturday. It is hoped the course will improve links between the university and the Arab business world. A university spokeswoman said: "The Arabic MBA will RAISE the profile of Heriot-Watt University and the Edinburgh Business School among businesses in the Arabic-speaking world and will create a strong network of graduates in the REGION.” The first INTAKE of students is expected later this year. Professor Keith Lumsden, director of Edinburgh Business School, said: "Arabic is a major global language and the Arab world is a centre for business and industrial development. We are proud to work with Arab International Education to meet the demands of the region." VERSION 2 [LAM] Heriot-Watt University in Edinburgh has become the first in Europe to offer an MBA in Arabic. Arab students will be able to sign up to study at a DISTANCE for the business courses in their own language. The Edinburgh Business School announced the project at a RECEPTION in Cairo on Saturday. It is hoped the course will improve links between the university and the Arab business world. A university spokeswoman said: "The Arabic MBA will RAISE the profile of Heriot-Watt University and the Edinburgh Business School among businesses in the Arabic-speaking world and will create a strong network of graduates in the REGION.” The first INTAKE of students is expected later this year. Professor Keith Lumsden, director of Edinburgh Business School, said: "Arabic is a major global language and the Arab world is a centre for business and industrial development. We are proud to work with Arab International Education to meet the demands of the region." 9) Version 1: [LAM] Federal Education Minister…de e rec (DESPITE EVIDENCE RECOGNITION) Version 2: 5 blanks (one missing) Federal Education Minister Julie Bishop says she has seen no evidence that foreign students are graduating from Australian universities with POOR English skills. Research by Monash University academic Bob Birrell has found a third of foreign students are graduating without a COMPETENT level of English. But Ms. Bishop says Australian universities only enroll foreign students once they have achieved international standards of language PROFICIENCY. "This has been an extraordinary attack by Professor Birrell on our universities," she said. "INTERNATIONAL students must meet international benchmarks in English language in order to get a place at a university in Australia and they can't get into university without reaching that international standard." University of Canberra vice chancellor Roger Dean also says international students are required to sit an English test before being admitted to nearly all Australian universities. "There are, of course, intercultural difficulties as well as language difficulties," he said. "There are, of course, also many Australian students who don't speak such FANTASTICALLY good English either. So we're trying to push the standard even higher than present but it's a very useful one already." Ms Bishop says Australia's university system has high standards. "I've seen no evidence to suggest that students are not able to complete their courses because they're failing in English yet they're being passed by the universities," she said. "I've not seen any EVIDENCE to back that up. International education is one of our largest exports, it's our fourth largest export and it's in the interest of our universities to maintain very high standards because their REPUTATION is at stake." 10) [LAM] Students are increasingly finding it necessary to obtain employment in order to subsidize their income during their time in higher education. The EXTRA income helps to pay for necessities, to maintain a social life and to buy clothes, and holding a part-time job helps students to GAIN skills for life after university or college. Using a part-time job to cut down on borrowing is a sound investment, as it reduces the DEBT that will be waiting to be paid off after graduation. How many hours students are currently working each week during term-time is not really certain. Some institutions advise that students should not work more than ten hours a week, and there are others that set a higher recommend LIMIT of fifteen hours a week. There is no doubt that some students EXCEED even fifteen hours a week. 11) [LAM] To one extent or another, this view of reality is one many of us hold, if only implicitly. I certainly find myself THINKING this way in day-to-day life; it's easy to be SEDUCED by the face nature reveals directly to our senses. Yet, in the decades since first ENCOUNTERING Camus' text, I've learned that modern science TELLS a very different story. 12) [LAM] The ocean floor is home to many unique communities of plants and animals. Most of these marine ecosystems are near the water surface, Such as the Great Barrier Reef, a 2,000-km-long coral FORMATION off the the north-eastern coast of Australia. Coral reefs, like nearly all complex living communities, depend on solar energy for growth (photosynthesis). The sun's energy, however, penetrates at most only about 300 m below the surface of the water. The relatively shallow penetration of solar energy and the sinking of cold, subpolar water combine to make most of the deep ocean floor a FRIGID environment with few life forms. In 1977, scientists discovered hot springs at a depth of 2.5 km, on the Galapagos Rift (spreading ridge) off the coast of Ecuador. This exciting discovery was not really ASURPRISE. Since the early 1970s, scientists had predicted that hot springs (geothermal vents) should be found the active spreading centers along the mid-oceanic ridge, where magma, at temperatures over 1,000 C, presumably was being erupted to form new oceanic crust. More exciting, because it was totally unexpected, was the discovery of abundant and unusual sea life - giant tube worms, huge clams, and mussels that THRIVED around the hot springs. 13) Impressionism was a nineteenth century art movement that began as a loose association of Paris-based artists who started publicly exhibiting their art in the 1860s. Characteristics of Impressionist painting include visible brush strokes, light colors, open composition, EMPHASIS on light in its changing qualities (often accentuating the effects of the passage of time), ordinary subject matter, and unusual visual angles. The name of the movement is DERIVED from Claude Monet's Impression, Sunrise (Impression, soleillevant). Critic Louis Leroy inadvertently coined the term in a satiric review published in Le Charivari. Radicals in their time, early Impressionists broke the rules of academic painting. They began by giving colors, freely brushed, primacy over line, drawing INSPIRATION from the work of painters such as Eugene Delacroix. They also took the ACT of painting out of the studio and into the world. Previously, not only still-lifes and portraits, but also landscapes had been painted indoors, but the Impressionists found that they could CAPTURE the momentary and transient effects of sunlight by painting en plein air (in plain air). 14) [LAM] It's that time again! Exams looming, essays or reports outstanding and you wonder where the year's gone already. You start WONDERING how you're going to cope with it all. A limited amount of anxiety can help you to be more motivated and more PURPOSEFUL. It can help you to plan your work and to think more clearly and LOGICALLY about it. In other words, it can help you stay on top of things. Sit down at your desk and make a start on writing down all the things you have to do to PREPARE for the exams. 15) [LAM] I am a cyclist and a motorist. I fasten my seatbelt when I drive and wear a helmet on my bike to reduce the risk of injury. I am convinced these are prudent safety measures. I have persuaded many friends to wear helmets on the grounds that transplant surgeons call those without helmets "donors on wheels". But John Adams in the department of geography has made me do something rather awful. He has made me re-examine my deeply held CONVICTIONS. Adams has completely UNDERMINED my confidence in these apparently sensible precautions. What he has persuasively argued, particularly in relation to seat belts, is that the evidence that they do what they are supposed to do is very suspect. This is IN SPITE of numerous claims that seat belts save many thousands of lives every year. There is remarkable data on the years 1970 to 1978 countries in which the wearing of seat belts is COMPULSORY had on average about 5 per cent more road accident deaths following introduction of the law. 16) [LAM] It seems we live in a bizarre Universe. One of the greatest mysteries in the whole of science is the prospect that 75% of the Universe is made up from a mysterious SUBSTANCE known as ‘Dark Energy’, which causes an acceleration of the cosmic expansion. Since a further 21% of the Universe is made up from invisible ‘Cold Dark Matter’ that can only be DETECTED through its gravitational effects, the ordinary atomic matter making up the rest is apparently only 4% of the total cosmic budget. These DISCOVERIES require a shift in our perception as great as that made after Copernicus’s REVELATION that the Earth moves around the Sun. This lecture will start by reviewing the chequered history of Dark Energy, not only since Einstein's proposal for a similar entity in 1917, but by tracing the concept back to Newton's ideas. This lecture will SUMMARISE the current evidence for Dark Energy and future surveys in which UCL is heavily involved: the "Dark Energy Survey", the Hubble Space Telescope and the proposed Euclid space mission. 17) [LAM] You may well ask why science did not warn us of global warming sooner; I think that there are several reasons. We were from the 1970s until the end of the century DISTRACTED BY the important global problem of stratospheric OZONE depletion, which we knew was manageable. We threw all our efforts into it and succeeded but had little time to spend on climate change. Climate science was also neglected because twentieth-century science failed to RECOGNIZE the true nature of Earth as a RESPONSIVE self-regulating entity. Biologists were so carried away by Darwin’s great vision that they failed to see that living things were tightly coupled to their material environment and that evolution concerns the whole Earth system with living organisms an INTEGRAL part of it. Earth is not the Goldilocks planet of the solar system sitting at the right place for life. It was in this favourable state some two billion years ago but now our planet has to work hard, against ever increasing heat from the Sun, to keep itself HABITABLE. We have chosen the worst of times to add to its difficulties. 18) [LAM: 2 Versions] A dog may be man's best friend. But man is not always a dog's. Over the centuries SELECTIVE breeding has pulled at the canine body shape to produce what is often a grotesque distortion of the underlying wolf. Indeed, some of these distortions are, when found in people, regarded as PATHOLOGIES. Dog breeding does, though, offer a chance to those who would like to understand how body shape is controlled. The ANCESTRY of pedigree pooches is well recorded, their generation time is short and their LITTER size reasonably large, so there is plenty of material to work with. MOREOVER, breeds are, by definition, inbred, and this simplifies genetic analysis. Those such as Elaine Ostrander, of America's National Human Genome Research Institute, who wish to identify the genetic basis of the features of particular pedigrees thus have an IDEAL EXPERIMENTAL animal. 19) [LAM] Never has the carbon footprint of multi-national corporations been under such intense scrutiny. Inter-city train journeys and long-haul flights to CONDUCT face-to-face business meetings contribute significantly to greenhouse gases and the resulting STRAIN on the environment. The Anglo-US company Teliris has introduced a new video-conferencing technology and partnered with the Carbon Neutral Company, enabling corporate outfits to become more environmentally responsible. The innovation allows simulated face-to-face meetings to be held across continents without the time PRESSURE or environmental burden of international travel. Previous designs have enabled video-conferencing on a point-to-point, dual-location basis. The firm's VirtuaLive technology, however, can bring people together from up to five separate locations anywhere in the world - with UNRIVALLED transmission quality. 20) [LAM] One city will start to attract the MAJORITY of public and/or private investment. This could be due to NATURAL advantage or political decisions. This in turn will STIMULATE further investment due to the multiplier effect and SIGNIFICANT rural to urban migration. The investment in this city will be at the EXPENSE of other cities. 21) No one in Parliament would know better than Peter Garrett what largesse copyright can confer so it may seem right that he should announce a royalty for artists, amounting to 5 per cent of all sales after the original one, which can go on giving to their families for as much as 150 years. But that ignores the truth that copyright law is a scandal, recently EXACERBATED by the Free Trade Agreement with the US which required extension of copyright to 70 years after death. Is it scandalous that really valuable copyrights end up in the ownership of corporations (although Agatha Christie's no-doubt worthy great-grandchildren are still REAPING the benefits of West End success for her whodunnits and members of the Garrick Club enjoy the continuing fruits of A.A. Milne's Christopher Robin books)? No. The SCANDAL is that bienpensants politicians have attempted to appear cultured by creating private assets which depend on an act of Parliament for their existence and by giving away much more in value than any public benefit could JUSTIFY. In doing so they have betrayed our trust. 22) [LAM] Want to know what will make you happy? Then ask a total stranger -- or so says a new study from Harvard University, which shows that another person's experience is often more INFORMATIVE than your own best guess. The study, which appears in the current issue of Science, was led by Daniel Gilbert, professor of psychology at Harvard and author of the 2007 bestseller "Stumbling on Happiness," along with Matthew Killingsworth and Rebecca Eyre, also of Harvard, and Timothy Wilson of the University of Virginia. "If you want to know how much you will enjoy an experience, you are better off knowing how much someone else enjoyed it than knowing anything about the experience itself," says Gilbert. "Rather than closing our eyes and IMAGINING the future, we should examine the experience of those who have been there." Previous research in psychology, neuroscience, and behavioral economics has shown that people have difficulty predicting what they will like and how much they will like it, which LEADS them to make a wide variety of poor decisions. Interventions aimed at IMPROVING the accuracy with which people imagine future events have been generally unsuccessful. 23) [LAM] Richard Morris, of the school of accounting at the University of NSW, which requires an entrance score in the top 5 per cent of students, says attendance has been a problem since the late 1990s. "Sometimes in the lectures we've only got about one- third of students enrolled attending," he said. "It definitely is a problem. If you don't turn up to class you're missing out on the whole richness of the EXPERIENCE: you don't think a whole lot, you don't engage in debates with other students - or with your teachers." It is not all gloom, said Professor John Dearn, a Pro Vice-Chancellor at the University of Canberra, who said the internet was TRANSFORMING the way students access and use information. "It is strange that despite all the evidence as to their ineffectiveness, TRADITIONAL lectures seem to persist in our universities." 24) [LAM] [MTRA: M (most), T (transcription), R (Reality), A (not sure)] The precise relationship between fiction and life has been debated extensively. MOST modern critics agree that, whatever its apparent factual content or verisimilitude, fiction is finally to be regarded as a structured imitation of life and should not be confused with a literal TRANSCRIPTION of life itself. While fiction is a work of the imagination rather than REALITY, it can also be based closely on real events, sometimes experienced by the author. In a work of fiction, the author is not the same as the narrator, the voice that tells the story. Authors maintain a distance from their characters. Sometimes that distance is obvious for instance, if a male writer tells a story from the point of view of a female character. Other times it is not so obvious, especially if we know something of the author’s life and there are clear connections between the story and the author s life. The writer of fiction is free to choose his or her subject matter and is free to invent, select, and arrange fictional elements to achieve his or her purpose. The elements of fiction are the different components that make up a work of fiction. All literature explores a theme or significant truth expressed in various elements such as character, plot, setting, point of view, style, and tone that are essential and specific to each work of fiction. All of these elements bind a literary work into a consistent whole and give it unity. Understanding these elements can help the reader gain insight about life, human motives, and experience. Such insight is one of the principal aims of an effective work of fiction; when readers are able to perceive it, they develop a sense of literary judgment that is capable of enriching their lives. The following sections describe elements that should be considered in the analysis of fiction. 25) [LAM] A few summers ago I visited two dairy farms, Huls Farm and Gardar Farm, which despite being located thousands of miles apart were still remarkably similar in their strengths and vulnerabilities. Both were by far the largest, most prosperous, most technologically advanced farms in their RESPECTIVE districts. In particular, each was centered around a magnificent state-of-the-art barn for SHELTERING and milking cows. Those structures, both neatly DIVIDED into opposite-facing rows of cow stalls, dwarfed all other barns in the district. Both farms let their cows GRAZE outdoors in lush pastures during the summer, produced their own hay to harvest in the late summer for feeding the cows through the winter, and INCREASED their production of summer fodder and winter hay by irrigating their fields. 26) [LAM: 2 VERSIONS] Sharks killed four people and injured 58 others around the world in 2006, a comparatively dull year for dangerous encounters between the two species. Sharkbite numbers GREW steadily over the last century as humans reproduced exponentially and SPENT more time at the seashore. But the numbers have been FLAT/STABILISED over the past five years as overfishing THINNED the shark population near shore and swimmers have LEARNED about the risks of wading into certain areas, Burgess said. 4 Blanks [LAM] Sharks killed four people and bit 58 others around the world in 2006, a comparatively dull year for dangerous encounters between the two species, scientists said in their annual shark attack census on Tuesday. Sharkbite numbers GREW steadily over the last century as humans reproduced exponentially and spent more time at the seashore. But the numbers have been FLAT over the past five years as overfishing THINNED the shark population near shore and swimmers GOT SMARTER about the risks of wading into certain areas, Burgess said. 27) [LAM] The few people who live in Alaska’s Aleutian Islands have long been accustomed to shipwrecks. They have been part of local consciousness since a Japanese whaling ship ran AGROUND near the western end of the 1,100-mile (1,800-km) volcanic ARCHIPELAGO in 1780, inadvertently naming what is now Rat Island when the ship’s infestation SCURRIED ashore and made itself at home. Since then, there have been at least 190 shipwrecks in the islands. 28) [LAM] For all his fame andarab celebration, William Shakespeare remains a(n) MYSTERIOUS figure with regards to personal history. There are just two primary SOURCES for information on the Bard: his works, and various legal and CHURCH documents that have survived from Elizabethan times. Naturally, there are many GAPS in this body of information, which tells us little about Shakespeare the man. 29) [LAM] Version 1 The horned desert viper’s ability to hunt at night has always puzzled biologists. Though it lies with its HEAD buried in the sand, it can strikewith great precisionas soon as prey appears. Now, Young and physicists Leo van Hemmen and Paul Friedel at the Technical University of Munich in Germany have developeda computer modelof the snake’s auditory SYSTEM to explain how the snake “hears” its prey without really having the ears for it. Although the vipers have INTERNAL ears that can hear FREQUENCIES between 200 and 1000 hertz, it is not the sound of the mouse scurrying about that they are detecting. “The snakes don’t have external EARDRUMS,” says Van Hemmen. “So unless the mouse wears boots and starts stamping, the snake won’t hear it.” 29) [LAM] Version 2 The horned desert viper’s ability to hunt at night has always puzzled biologists. Though it lies with its HEAD buried in the sand, it can strikewith great precisionas soon as prey appears. Although the vipers have INTERNAL ears the snakes don’t have external EARDRUMS. 30) Steven Pinker, a cognitive psychologist best known for his book “The Language Instinct”, has called music “auditory cheesecake, an exquisite confection crafted to tickle the sensitive spots of at least six of our mental faculties.” If it VANISHED from our species, he said, “the rest of our lifestyle would be VIRTUALLY unchanged.” Others have argued that, on the CONTRARY, music, along with art and literature, is part of what makes people human; its absence would have a brutalising effect. Philip Ball, a British science writer and an avid music enthusiast, comes down somewhere in the middle. He says that music is ingrained in our auditory, cognitive and motor functions. We have a music INSTINCT as much as a language instinct, and could not rid ourselves of it if we tried. 31) [LAM: Drop Down: 4 Blanks] Sydney is becoming effective in making the best of its limited available unconstrained land... [Comparable, Patronage, Affordability, Consumption] 32) [LAM: Drop Down: 4 Blanks] In our studies, those people on a high-protein diet lost the same amount of weight... [Observed, Participants, Provide, Supplied]. 33) [4 BLANKS 1 MISSING...LAM] VERSION 1 …………..A bonus of dendrochronology is that the width and substructure of each ring reflect the amount of rain and the SEASON at which the rain fell during that particular year. Thus, tree ring studies also allow one to reconstruct PAST climate; e.g., a series of wide rings means a wet period, and a series of narrow rings means a DROUGHT. 33) [LAM] VERSION 2 …………..A bonus of dendrochronology is that the width and substructure of each ring REFLECT the amount of rain and the SEASON at which the rain fell during that particular year. Thus, tree ring studies also allow one to reconstruct PAST climate; e.g., a series of wide rings means a wet period, and a SERIES of narrow rings means a DROUGHT. 34) [LAM] The contemporary ministerial staffing system is large, active and partisan - far larger and further evolved than any Westminster equivalent. Ministers' demands for help to cope with the pressures of an increasingly competitive and professionalised political environment have been key drivers of the staffing system's development. But there has not been commensurate growth in ARRANGEMENTS to support and control it. The OPERATING framework for ministerial staff is FRAGMENTED and ad hoc. 35) Higher education qualifications provide a substantial ADVANTAGE in the labour market. Higher education graduates are less likely to be UNEMPLOYED and tend to have HIGHER incomes than those without such qualifications. Having a highly educated workforce can also lead to increased productivity and innovation and make Australia more COMPETITIVE in the global market. 36) [VERSION 1] Researchers already know that spending long periods of time in a ZERO-GRAVITY environment — such as that inside the International Space station (ISS)— results in loss of bone density and DAMAGE to the body's muscles. That's partly why stays aboard the ISS are CAPPED at six months. And now, a number of NASA astronauts are reporting that their 20/20 VISIONFADED after spending time in space, with many needing glasses once they returned Earth. 36) 4 blanks [LAM][VERSION 2] [Mounika*] Researchers already know that spending long periods of time in a zero-gravity ENVIRONMENT— such as that inside the International Space station (ISS)— results in loss of bone density and DAMAGE to the body's muscles. That's partly why stays aboard the ISS are RESTRICTED to six months. And now, a number of NASA astronauts are reporting that their 20/20 vision DETERIORATING after spending time in space, with many needing glasses once they returned Earth. 37)[LAM] ‘Just-in-time' is a management philosophy and not a technique. It originally referred to the production of goods to meet customer DEMAND exactly, in time, quality and quantity, WHETHER the ‘customer' is the final purchaser of the product or another process FURTHER along the production line. It has now come to mean producing with MINIMUM waste. ‘Waste’ is taken in its most general sense and includes time and resources as well as materials. 38) DNA barcoding w. invented by Paul Hebert of the University of Guelph. in Ontario. Canada. in 2003. His idea was to GENERATE a unique identification tag for each species based on a short STRETCH of DNA. Separating species would then .a simple task of sequencing this tiny bit of DNA. DrHeben proposed pan of a gene called cytochrome c oxidase I (COI) as suitable to the task. All animals have it. It seems to vary enough, but not too much, to act as a reliable marker. And it is easily EXTRACTED because it is one of a handful of genes found outside the cell nucleus. in structures called mitochondria. Barcoding has taken off rapidly since Dr Hebert invented it. When the idea was proposed, it was expected to be a BOON to taxonomists trying to name Me world's millions of species. It has, however, proved to have a far wider range of uses than the merely aradernic—most promisingly in the REALM of public health. One health-related project is the Mosquito Barcoding Initiative being run by Yvonne-Marie Linton of the Natural History Museum in London. This aims to barcode 80% of the world’s mosquitoes within the next two years, to help control mosquito-borne diseases. Mosquitoes are RESPONSIBLE for half a billion malarial infections and 1m deaths every year. They also TRANSMIT devastating diseases such as yellow fever, West Nile fever and dengue. However, efforts to control them are consistently UNDERMINED by the difficulty and expense of identifying mosquitoes—of which there are at least 3,500 species, many of them hard to tell apart. 39) [LAM] From the wolves' perspective, this is clearly good news. But it also had beneficial effects on the ecology of the park, according to a study published in 2004 by William Ripple and Robert Beschta from Oregon State University. In their paper in BioScience, the two researchers showed that reintroducing the wolves was CORRELATED with increased growth of willow and cottonwood in the park. Why? Because grazing animals such as elk were AVOIDING sites from which they couldn't easily escape, the scientists CLAIMED. And as the woody plants and trees grew taller and thicker, beaver COLONIES expanded. 40) By the Bronze Age drinking VESSELS were being made of sheet metal, primarily bronze or gold. However, the peak of feasting - and in particular, of the 'political' type of feast - came in the late Hallstatt period (about 600-450 BC), soon after the foundation of the Greek COLONY of Massalia (Marseille) at the mouth of the Rhine. From that date on, the blood of the grape began to make its way north and east along major river systems together with imported metal and ceramic drinking vessels from the Greek world. WINE was thus added to the list of mood-altering beverages - such as mead and ale (see coloured text below) - available to establish social networks in Iron Age Europe. Attic pottery fragments found at hillforts such as Heuneburg in Germany and luxury goods such as the monumental 5th century Greek bronze krater (or wine mixing vessel) found at Vix in Burgundy supply archaeological evidence of this interaction. Organic CONTAINERS such as leather or wooden wine barrels may also have travelled north into Europe but have not survived. It is unknown what goods were TRADED in return, but they may have included salted meat, hides, timber, amber and slaves. 41) [LAM] Leonard Lauder, chief executive of the company his mother founded, says she always thought she "was growing a nice little business." And that it is. A little business that CONTROLS 45% of the cosmetics market in U.S. department stores. A little business that sells in 118 countries and last year grew to be $3.6 billion big in sales. The Lauder family's shares are worth more than $6 billion. But early on, there wasn't a burgeoning business, there weren't houses in New York, Palm Beach, Fla., or the south of France. It is said that at one point there was one person to answer the telephones who CHANGED her voice to become the shipping or billing department as needed. You more or less know the Estée Lauder story because it's a chapter from the book of American business folklore. In short, Josephine Esther Mentzer, daughter of immigrants, lived above her father's hardware store in Corona, a section of Queens in New York City. She started her ENTERPRISE by selling skin creams concocted by her uncle, a chemist, in beauty shops, beach clubs and resorts. No doubt the potions were good — Estée Lauder was a quality fanatic — but the saleslady was better. Much better. And she simply outworked everyone else in the cosmetics industry. She STALKED the bosses of New York City department stores until she got some counter space at Saks Fifth Avenue in 1948. And once in that space, she utilized a personal selling approach that proved as POTENT as the promise of her skin regimens and perfumes. 42) Mintel Consumer Intelligence ESTIMATES the 2002 market for vegetarian foods, those that directly replace meat or other animal products, to be $1.5 billion. Note that this excludes traditional vegetarian foods such as produce, pasta, and rice. Mintel forecasts the market to nearly double by 2006 to $2.8 billion, with the highest growth coming from soymilk, especially refrigerated brands. The Food and Drug Administration's 1999 decision to allow manufacturers to include heart-healthy claims on foods that deliver at least 6.25 grams of soy protein per serving and are also low in saturated fat and cholesterol has spurred TREMENDOUS interest in soymilk and other soy foods. A representative of manufacturer Food Tech International (Veggie Patch brand) reported that from 1998 to 1999, the percentage of CONSUMERS willing to try soy products jumped from 32% to 67%. Beliefs about soy's EFFECTIVENESS in reducing the symptoms of menopause also attracted new consumers. A 2000 survey conducted by the United Soybean Board showed that the number of people eating soy products once a week or more was up to 27%. Forty-five percent of respondents had tried tofu, 41% had sampled veggie burgers, and 25% had experience with soymilk (Soy Foods USA e-mail newsletter). Mintel estimates 2001 sales of frozen and refrigerated meat ALTERNATIVES in food stores at nearly $300 million, with soymilk sales nearing $250 million. 43) The most VITAL ingredient in Indian cooking, the BASIC element with which all dishes begin and, normally, the cheapest vegetable available, the pink onion is an essential item in the shopping basket of families of all classes. A popular saying holds that you will never starve because you can always afford a roti (a piece of simple, flat bread) and an onion. But in recent weeks, the onion has started to seem an unaffordable LUXURY for India's poor. Over the past few days, another sharp SURGE in prices has begun to unsettle the influential urban middle classes. The sudden spike in prices has been caused by large exports to neighboring countries and a shortage of SUPPLY. But the INCREASE follows a trend of rising consumer prices across the board — from diesel fuel to cement, from milk to lentils. 44) Founded after World War II by 51 "peace-loving states" combined to oppose future aggression, the UN now counts 193 member nations, INCLUDING its newest members, Nauru, Kiribati, and Tonga in 1999, Tuvalu and Yugoslavia in 2000, Switzerland and East Timor in 2002, Montenegro in 2006, and South Sudan in 2011. United Nations Day has been OBSERVED on October 24 since 1948 and celebrates the objectives and accomplishments of the organization, which was established on October 24, 1945. The UN ENGAGES in peacekeeping and humanitarian missions across the globe. Though some say its INFLUENCE has declined in recent decades, the United Nations still plays a tremendous role in world politics. In 2001 the United Nations and Kofi Annan, then secretary-general of the UN, won the Nobel Peace Prize "for their work for a better organized and more peaceful world." Since 1948 there have been 63 UN peacekeeping OPERATIONS; 16 are currently underway. Thus far, close to 130 nations have contributed personnel at various times; 119 are currently providing peacekeepers. As of 31 August 2008, there were 16 peacekeeping operations underway with a total of 88,230 personnel. The small island nation of Fiji has taken part in virtually every UN peacekeeping operation, as has Canada. 45) Thea Proctor was just sixteen when her entry at the Bowral Art Competition caught the eye of the judge, Arthur Streeton. It was the first of many associations with art world RECRUITS. The next year saw her at the Julian Ashton Art School in the illustrious company of EliothGruner, Sydney Long and George Lambert, for whom she often posed and who REMAINED her great friend until his death in 1930. Lambert's paintings and sketches of Proctor emphasize the elegance of her dress. A keen interest in fashion was just one ASPECT of her fascination with design, and she saw herself as an early style guru on a quest to rid Australian art of "its lack of imagination and inventive design". Skilled in watercolor" and drawing, Proctor did not LIMIT herself to paper, canvases or to her popular magazine illustrations; she designed theater sets and a restaurant interior and wrote on a range of subjects from flower arranging to the colors of cars. It made for a busy and VARIED life but, as she said, she was not the sort of person "who could sit at home and knit socks." 46) During the day, the sun heats up both the ocean surface and the land. WATER is a good absorber of the energy from the sun. The land absorbs much of the sun's energy as well. However, water heats up much more slowly than land and so the air above the land will be WARMER compared to the air over the ocean. The warm air over the land will rise throughout the day, causing low pressure at the surface. Over the water, high surface pressure will form because of the colder air. To COMPENSATE , the air will sink over the ocean. The wind will blow from the higher pressure over the water to lower pressure over the land causing the sea breeze. The sea breeze strength will vary depending on the temperature DIFFERENCE between the land and the ocean. 47) VERSION 1 Colorful poison frogs in the Amazon owe their great DIVERSITY to ancestors that leapt into the region from the Andes Mountains several times during the last 10 million years, a new study from The University of Texas at Austin suggests. This is the first study to show that the Andes have been a major source of diversity for the Amazon basin, one of the largest RESERVOIRS of biological diversity on Earth. The finding runs COUNTER to the idea that Amazonian diversity is the result of evolution only within the TROPICAL forest itself. "Basically, the Amazon basin is a 'melting pot' for South American frogs," says graduate student Juan Santos, lead author of the study. "Poison frogs there have come from multiple places of origin, notably the Andes Mountains, over many millions of years. We have shown that you cannot understand Amazonian biodiversity by looking only in the BASIN. Adjacent regions have played a major role." 47) 4 blanks [LAM][VERSION 2] Colorful poison frogs in the Amazon owe their great diversity to ancestors that leapt into the region from the Andes Mountains several times during the last 10 million years, a new study from The University of Texas at Austin suggests. This is the first study to show that the Andes have been a major SOURCE of diversity for the Amazon basin, one of the largest RESERVOIRS of biological diversity on Earth. The finding runs counter to the idea that Amazonian diversity is the result of evolution only within the tropical forest itself. "Basically, the Amazon basin is a 'melting pot' for South American frogs," says graduate student Juan Santos, lead author of the study. "Poison frogs there have come from multiple places of ORIGIN notably the Andes Mountains, over many millions of years. We have shown that you cannot understand Amazonian biodiversity by looking only IN the basin. Adjacent regions have played a major role." 47) VERSION 3 This is the first study to show that the Andes have been a MAJOR source of diversity for the Amazon basin, one of the largest RESERVOIRS of biological diversity on Earth. The finding runs COUNTER to the idea that Amazonian diversity is the result of evolution only within the TROPICAL forest itself. "Basically, the Amazon basin is a 'melting pot' for South American frogs," says graduate student Juan Santos, lead author of the study. "Poison frogs there have come from multiple places of origin, notably the Andes Mountains, over many millions of years. We have shown that you cannot understand Amazonian biodiversity by looking only in the BASIN. Adjacent regions have played a major role." 48) School-to-work transition is a historically PERSISTENT topic of educational policymaking and reform that impacts national systems of vocational education and training. The TRANSITION process refers to a period between completion of general education and the beginning of vocational education or the beginning of gainful employment as well as to training systems, institutions, and programs that prepare young people for careers. The status passage of youth from school-to-work has changed structurally under late modernism, and young people are FORCED to adapt to changing demands of their environment especially when planning for entry into the labor market. Since the transition to a job is seen as a major success in life, youth who manage this step successfully are more OPTIMISTIC about their future; still others are disillusioned and pushed to the margins of society. While some young people have developed successful strategies to cope with these requirements, those undereducated and otherwise disadvantaged in society often face serious problems when trying to prepare for careers. Longer transitions lead to a greater vulnerability and to RISKY behaviors. 49) The morality of the welfare state DEPENDS on contribution and responsibility. Since some people don't CONTRIBUTE and many are irresponsible, the choices of those who do contribute and are responsible is either to TOLERATE the free riders, refuse to pay for the EFFECTS of their irresponsibility or trust the state to EDUCATE them. Hence the government campaigns AGAINSTsmoking, alcoholism, obesity and gas guzzling - the first two solidly in place, the other two ramping up. But the British state now goes further: it acts in favour of sexual and racial minorities. In the case of gay men and women this means progressively removing the legal disadvantages under which they have lived, and ensuring that society as a whole OBSERVES the new order. 50) The trigger point causes the rest of the fiber segments to be STRETCHED to capacity. It becomes a tight band. Normally the regular contracting and releasing of these little segments circulates blood in the capillaries that supply them (the segments) with their nutrients. When they hold this CONTRACTION, blood flow is stopped to that area, there is not an oxygen supply, and waste products are not PUSHED out. The trigger point then sends out pain signals until the trigger point is put in a position of rest again. 51) Essays are used as an assessment tool to EVALUATE your ability to research a topic and construct an ARGUMENT, as well as your understanding of subject content. This does not mean that essays are a 'regurgitation' of everything your lecturer has said THROUGHOUT the course. Essays are your opportunity to explore in greater DEPTH aspects of the course - theories, issues, texts, etc. - and in some cases relate these aspects to a PARTICULAR context. It is your opportunity to articulate your ideas, but in a CERTAIN way: using formal academic style. 52) What is a country, and how is a country defined? When people ask how many countries there are in the world, they EXPECT a simple answer. AFTER ALL, we've EXPLORED the WHOLE planet, we have international travel, satellite navigation and plenty of global organizations like the United Nations, SO we should really know how many countries there are! HOWEVER,, the answer to the question VARIES according to whom you ask. MOST people say there are 192 countries, but OTHERS point out that there could be more like 260 of them. So why isn't there a straightforward answer? The problem ARISES because there isn't a universally agreed definition of 'country' and because, for political reasons, some countries FIND it convenient to recognize or not recognize OTHER countries. For example, Taiwan claims to be a country, but China states that Taiwan is just another part of China. The consequence is that the USA, that doesn't want to upset China, doesn't recognize Taiwan as a country. Conversely, from the end of the Second World War, the Soviet Union annexed the countries of Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania but the USA continued to regard them as independent countries that were 'occupied' because it didn't really get on with the USSR. So, how do governments define what makes a country? 53) [LAM] When I enrolled in my master's course at Oxford last year, I had come straight from medical school with the decision to leave clinical science for good. Thinking back, I realize that I didn't put very much WEIGHT on this decision at the time. But today, I more clearly understand the consequences of leaving my original profession. When I meet old friends who are now physicians and surgeons, I sense how our views on medical problems have DIVERGED. They scrutinize the effects of disease and try to eliminate or alleviate them; I try to understand how they come about in the first place. I feel happier working on this side of the problem, although I do occasionally miss clinical work and seeing patients. However, when I think about the rate at which my medical skills and knowledge have DISSIPATED, the years spent reading weighty medical textbooks, the hours spent at the bedside, I sometimes wonder if these years were partly a waste of time now that I am pursuing a research career. Nonetheless, I know the value of my medical education. It is easy to forget the importance of the biosciences when working with model organisms in basic research that seem to have nothing to do with a sick child or a suffering elderly person. Yet, I still have vivid memories of the cruel kaleidoscope of severe diseases and of how they can STRIKE a human being. I hope to retain these memories as a guide in my current occupation. 54) [version 1] In the fast-changing world of modern healthcare, the job of a doctor is more and more like the job of a chief executive. The people who run hospitals and physicians' practices don't just need to know MEDICINE. They must also be ABLE to balance budgets, motivate a large and DIVERSESTAFF and make difficult marketing and LEGALDECISIONS. "The focus in medical school is to train good doctors, but part of being a good doctor is being a good manager," says Fawaz Siddiqi, a neurosurgical resident at the London Health Sciences Centre in Canada. "It's having a core understanding of how to work within the context of an organisation." The desire to be a "good manager" is precisely the reason Dr Siddiqi, who aspires one day to run a hospital, decided to go back to school. This past autumn he enrolled in a health-sector MBA programme at the Ivey School of Business at the University of Western Ontario. 54) [version 2] In the fast-changing world of modern healthcare, the job of a doctor is more and more like the job of a chief executive. The people who run hospitals and physicians’ practices don’t just need to know medicine. They must be ABLE to balance budgets, motivate a large and diverse STAFF and make difficult marketing and legal DECISIONS. 55) By 2025, government experts say, America’s skies will swarm with three TIMES as many planes, and not just the kind of traffic flying today. There will be thousands of tiny JETS, seating six or fewer, at airliner ALTITUDES, competing for space with remotely operated drones that need help avoiding midair COLLISIONS, and with commercially operated rockets carrying SATELLITES and tourists into space. 56) Thomas Alva Edison was BOTH a scientist and an inventor. When he was born in 1847, Edison would see TREMENDOUS change take place in his lifetime. He was also to be responsible for making many of those changes occur. When Edison was born, society still thought of electricity as a NOVELTY, a fad. By the time he died, entire cities were lit by electricity. Much of the credit for that progress goes to Edison. In his lifetime, Edison patented 1,093 inventions, earning him the nickname "The Wizard of Menlo Park. " The most famous of his inventions was the incandescent light bulb. Besides the light bulb, Edison DEVELOPED the phonograph and the "kinescope, "a small box for viewing moving films. Thomas Edison is also the first person in the US to make his own filmstrip. He also IMPROVED upon the original design of the stock ticker, the telegraph, and Alexander Graham Bell's telephone. He believed in hard work, sometimes working twenty hours a day or more, depending upon the situation. He has been known to spend several days working on a project without sleep until it worked. Edison was quoted as saying, "Genius is one percent inspiration and 99 percent perspiration. " In TRIBUTE to this important American, electric lights in the United States were dimmed for one minute on October 21, 1931, a few days after his death. 57) Two decades ago, Kashmiri houseboat-owners rubbed their hands every spring at the PROSPECT of the annual influx of TOURISTS. From May to October, the hyacinth-choked waters of Dal Lake saw flotillas of vividly painted shikaras carrying Indian families, boho westerners, young travellers and wide-eyed Japanese. Carpet-sellers HONED their skills, as did purveyors of anything remotely embroidered while the houseboats initiated by the British Raj provided unusual accommodation. The economy boomed. Then, in 1989, separatist and Islamist militancy struck and everything changed. Hindus and countless Kashmiri business people bolted, at least 35,000 people were killed in a decade, the lake stagnated and the houseboats rotted. Any foreigners venturing there risked their LIVES - proved in 1995 when five young Europeans were kidnapped and murdered. Two decades ago, Kashmiri houseboat-owners rubbed their hands every spring at the prospect of the annual influx of TOURISTS. From May to October, the hyacinth-choked WATERS of Dal Lake saw flotillas of vividly painted shikaras. Then, in 1989, separatist and Islamist militancy struck and everything changed. Hindus and countless Kashmiri business people bolted, at least 35,000 people were killed in a decade, the lake stagnated and the houseboats rotted. Any foreigners venturing there risked their LIVES. 58) While Florey researchers have also created a genetic test for PD (10% of PD cases are caused by genetic factors), this new test has a broader APPLICATION by screening for many different types of PD and monitoring treatment, as well as measuring the EFFECTIVENESS of drugs being developed to treat the disease. DrQiao-Xin Li and colleagues from The University of Melbourne and The Mental Health Research Institute of Victoria, along with Prof Malcolm Horne from the Howard Florey Institute, found people with PD had low levels of the brain-secreted protein 'alpha-synuclein' in their blood, WHILE people without PD had high levels of the protein. Prof Horne said the test they developed measured alpha-synuclein levels in blood. "Currently there is no specific PD diagnostic test so doctors rely on their observations to make a diagnosis, which means some patients may not be prescribed the most suitable medication and around 15% of those DIAGNOSED may actually be suffering from something else," Prof Horne said. Further studies are required to establish whether this test can DISTINGUISH between people who are responsive to treatment and those who are not," he said. The researchers are now conducting a large-scale study to determine the effectiveness of the test, to discover whether it is applicable for all types of PD, and to find out if it can measure the rate of PROGRESSION and severity of the disease. 59) In the 250 years of its active evolution Funerary Violin moved from the formal to the personal. It is clear from the earliest ACCOUNTS/CONSCIOUSNESS of the form that its role during the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries was largely heraldic: to EXEMPLIFY the continuity of the social structure. The few works that have survived from this period are often SURPRISINGLY unemotional and at times overtly GRANDIOSE. 60. None of the books in my father's dusty old bookcase were FORBIDDEN. Yet while I was growing up, I never saw anyone take one down. MOST were MASSIVE tomes-a comprehensive history of civilisation, matching volumes of the great works of western literature, numerous others I can no longer recall-that seemed almost fused to SHELVES that bowed slightly from decades of STEADFAST support. 61. Entrepreneurs seek the best opportunities for production and COORDINATE all the other resources in order to carry them out. An entrepreneur VISUALIZES needs and takes the necessary actions to initiate the PROCESS by which they will be MET. This often means INNOVATING and taking risks. 62. In the last years of the wheat boom, Bennett had become increasingly FRUSTRATED at how the government seemed to be encouraging an EXPLOITIVE farming binge. He went directly after his old employer, the Department of Agriculture, for MISLEADING people. Farmers on the Great Plains were working against nature, he THUNDERED in speeches across the country; they were asking for trouble. 63. Many popular ideas about the Roman arena were formed in the nineteenth century from popular images and accounts. The influential artist Jean Léon Gérôme used genuine gladiatorial art and equipment from Pompeii as models for his paintings of ancient Rome and the arena, but he also invented freely in dramatizing his scenes. Movies from Quo Vadis to Gladiator have drawn on such works to DEPICT a world of strangely armed gladiators, Christians nobly awaiting attack by lions, and "thumbs down" death-gestures by emperors and rabid crowds. Actual Roman images of the arena are quite different: crowds and emperors are rarely shown, we are not sure which direction the thumb actually pointed in the famous death gesture, and victims of attack by big cats were certainly neither dignified nor noble. The Romans glorified the bravery shown in the arena, but trivialized the events and degraded the participants. Mosaic pictures of executions and combats, GRAPHICALLY violent to our eyes, were displayed in the public rooms and even dining rooms in the homes of wealthy Romans. How can the viewer today possibly understand such images? Until fairly recently, modern authors writing about the arena minimized its significance and REPRESENTED the institutionalized violence as a sideline to Roman history. The TENDENCY was also to view the events through our own eyes and to see them as pitiful or horrifying, although to most Romans EMPATHY with victims of the arena was inconceivable. In the past few decades, however, scholars have started to analyze the complex motivations for deadly public entertainments and for contradictory views of gladiators as despised, yet beloved hero-slaves. 64. Your teenage daughter gets top marks in school, captains the debate team, and volunteers at a shelter for homeless people. But while driving the family car, she text-messages her best friend and rear-ends another vehicle. How can teens be so clever, accomplished, and responsible—and reckless AT THE SAME TIME? Easily, according to two physicians at Children’s Hospital Boston and Harvard Medical School (HMS) who have been EXPLORING the unique structure and chemistry of the adolescent brain. “The teenage brain is not just an adult brain with fewer miles on it,” says Frances E. Jensen, a professor of neurology. “It’s a paradoxical time of DEVELOPMENT. These are people with very sharp brains, but they’re not quite sure what to do with them.” 65. In animals, movement is coordinated by a cluster of neurons in the spinal cord called the central pattern generator (CPG). This produces signals that drive muscles to CONTRACT rhythmically in a way that produces running or walking, depending on the PATTERN of pulses. A simple signal from the brain instructs the CPG to switch between different MODES, such as going from a standstill to walking. 66. [LAM] Fans of biographical criticism have a luxurious source in the works of Hans Christian Andersen. Like Lewis Carroll (and, to a lesser extent, Kenneth Grahame), Andersen was near-pathologically uncomfortable in the company of adults. Of course all three had to work and INTERACT with adults, but all three really RELATED well to children and their simpler worlds. Andersen, for a time, ran a puppet theater and was incredibly popular with children, and, of course, he wrote an impressive body of fairy tales which have been produced in thousands of editions since the 19th century. Most everyone has read or at least knows the titles of many of Andersen's works: "The Ugly Duckling," "The Emperor's New Clothes," "The Nightingale," "The Little Mermaid," "The Match Girl," and many others. Though, as with most folk and fairy tales, they STRIKE adult re-readers much differently than they do young first-time readers. Charming tales of ducks who feel AWKWARD because they don't fit in, only to exult in the discovery that they are majestic swans, gives child readers clearly-identifiable messages: don't tease people because they're different; don't fret about your being different because some day you'll discover what special GIFTS you have. 67. [LAM] Arbitration is a method of conflict resolution which, with more or less formalized mechanisms, occurs in many political and legal spheres. There are two main CHARACTERISTICS to arbitration. The first is that it is a voluntary process under which two parties in conflict agree between themselves to be BOUND by the judgment of a third party which has no other authority over them; the judgment, however, is not legally binding. The second is that there is usually no clear body of LAWS or set of rules that must apply; the arbitrator is free, SUBJECT to any prior agreement with the conflicting parties, to decide on whatever basis of justice is deemed SUITABLE. Arbitration has been used successfully, for example, to decide on disputed borders between Israel and Egypt, where local history was a major part of the arbitrator’s decision. 68. [LAM: Firbhi Hum PadneAaye] Children who skip school are increasingly on family holidays, government figures revealed today. FEWER children played truant this spring term compared with the spring term last year. Children missed 3m unauthorised days of school last term, compared with 3.7m days of school in the same period last year. But a HARDCORE group of truants - 6% of the school population - who account for more than three-quarters of all those on unauthorised absence, are more likely to be on a family holiday than they were in the same PERIOD last year. Some 1.2% of all absence was for family holidays not AGREED by their school last term, compared with 0.9% for the same term last year. More than 60% of all absences were for illness, the same figure as last year. 69. In a sequence of bestsellers, including The Language Instinct and How the Mind Works, Pinker has argued that swathes of our mental, social and emotional lives may have ORIGINATED as evolutionary adaptations, well suited to the lives our ancestors eked out on the Pleistocene savannah. Sometimes it seems as if nothing is IMMUNE from being explained this way. Road rage, adultery, marriage, altruism, our tendency to reward senior executives with corner offices on the top floor, and the small number of women who become mechanical engineers - all may have their ROOTS in natural selection, Pinker claims. The controversial implications are obvious: that men and women might DIFFER in their inborn abilities at performing certain tasks, for example, or that parenting may have little influence on personality. 70. Genetically modified foods provide no direct benefit to consumers; the food is not NOTICEABLY better or cheaper. The greater benefit, PROPONENTS argue, is that genetic engineering will play a crucial role in feeding the world's burgeoning population. Opponents disagree, ASSERTING that the world already grows more food per person than ever before-more, even, than we can CONSUME. 71. The inevitable consequences INCLUDE rampant corruption, an absence of globally competitive Chinese companies, CHRONIC waste of resources, rampant environmental DEGRADATION and soaring inequality. Above all, the monopoly over power of an ideologically bankrupt communist party is INCONSISTENT with the pluralism of opinion, security of property and vibrant competition on which a dynamic economy depends. As a result, Chinese development remains parasitic on know-how and institutions developed elsewhere. 72. The conducted study serves three objectives. The first objective is to reveal the VALUES loaded to the child by the child-centric mother’s attitude and the effect of 5-6 year old nursery school children on the purchasing decision of families who belong to a high socio- economic class. The second objective is to DEVELOP a child centricity scale and the third object is to examine the attitude and behaviour differences between low child-centric and high child-centric mothers. ANALYSING the data gathered from 257 mother respondents, the researchers have found that the lowest influence of the child upon the purchasing decisions of the family are those which carry high purchasing risk and are used by the whole family, whereas the highest influence of the child upon the purchasing decision of the family are the products with low risk used by the whole family. Findings also reveal that there are statistically significant DIFFERENCES between the high child-centric and low child-centric mothers regarding purchasing products that are highly risky and used by the whole family. 73. [LAM] VERSION 1 Away from the rumble of Shanghai's highways and the cacophony of the shopping districts, stroll down side streets filled with rows of tall BRICK houses. In the early evening or on a weekend morning, you'll hear the sound of classical music drifting from a piano, played by a 10-year old or a grandmother in her seventies. Wander down another alley toward DRAB high-rises and you'll hear Beethoven or Mozart flowing from a violin, or perhaps a cello, accordion or flute. In China, classical music is BOOMING as mightily as the 1812 Overture. It's fortissimo in Shanghai, home to China's oldest orchestra, forte in Beijing and other lively cities, and on a crescendo in farther-flung areas. Commanding Y100-200 ($12.50-$25) per hour, private music TEACHERS in Shanghai can readily earn more than five times the average per capita monthly income. 73. VERSION 2 Away from the rumble of Shanghai's highways and the cacophony of the shopping districts, stroll down side streets filled with rows of tall BRICK houses. In the early evening or on a weekend morning, you'll hear the SOUND of classical music drifting from a piano, played by a 10-year old or a grandmother in her seventies. WANDER down another alley toward drab SKYSCRAPERS and you'll hear Beethoven or Mozart flowing from a violin, or perhaps a cello, accordion or flute. In China, classical music is BOOMING as mightily as the 1812 Overture. It's fortissimo in Shanghai, home to China's oldest ORCHESTRA, forte in Beijing and other lively cities, and on a crescendo in farther-flung areas. Commanding Y100-200 ($12.50-$25) per hour, private music teachers in Shanghai can readily earn more than five times the average per capita monthly income. 74. Movement in painting that ORIGINATED in France in the 1860s and had enormous influence in European and North American painting in the late 19th century. The Impressionists wanted to depict real life, to paint straight from nature, and to capture the changing effects of light. The term was first used abusively to DESCRIBE Claude Monet's painting Impression: Sunrise (1872). The other leading Impressionists included Paul Cézanne, Edgar Degas, EdouardManet, Camille Pissarro, Pierre-Auguste Renoir, and Alfred Sisley, but only Monet remained devoted to Impressionist ideas throughout his career. The core of the Impressionist group was formed in the early 1860s by Monet, Renoir, and Sisley, who met as students and enjoyed painting in the open air – one of the hallmarks of Impressionism. They met other members of the Impressionist circle through Paris café society. They never made up a formal group, but they organized eight group exhibitions between 1874 and 1886, at the first of which the name Impressionism was applied. Their styles were diverse, but all EXPERIMENTED with effects of light and movement created with distinct brushstrokes and FRAGMENTS of colour dabbed side-by-side on the canvas rather than mixed on the palette. By the 1880s the movement's central impulse had dispersed, and a number of new styles were emerging, later described as post-Impressionism. British Impressionism Impressionism had a major influence on the more EXPERIMENTAL and PROGRESSIVE British painters in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. Many of the painters affected were in the circle of Walter Sickert, who spent much of his career in France and was an influential figure who INSPIRED many younger artists. His friend and exact contemporary Philip Wilson Steer is generally regarded as the most outstanding British Impressionist. 75. [LAM] Nature is no longer an alien ENIGMA, but instead something immediately beautiful, an exuberant OPUS with space for us to join in. Bird melodies have always been called songs for a REASON. As long as we have been listening, people have presumed there is music coming out of those scissoring beaks. 76. [LAM] You have about 30 minutes to answer each question. You must take account of how many marks are AVAILABLE for each part when you answer it. Even if you think you can write more, don't spend 15 minutes ANSWERING a part worth only 5 marks. Leave space at the end of your answer and come back to it if you have TIME to spare later. And if you can't think of an answer to some part, leave a space and move on to the next part. Don't write about something else if you don't know the correct answer -- this is just a waste of your VALUABLE time (and the examiner's). 77. [LAM] Disadvantage in early childhood poses multiple risks to children's development. Factors such as low socioeconomic status, long-term unemployment of parents, and social isolation may have lasting IMPACTS on a child's chance of reaching their full potential. Whilst not eliminating disadvantage, preschool education can help to LESSEN the effects of these risk factors and can provide children with a better start to school.However, some of these factors may also be BARRIERS to preschool attendance for groups that would benefit most from preschool education. In Australia, the early years of children's education is the responsibility of many government and non-government agencies and it occurs in a range of settings.Preschool is aimed at children around four years of age to PREPARE them for compulsory schooling from the age of six years. In most states and territories, children can start full-time schooling at five years of age, when they enrol in a kindergarten or preparatory year.In 2001, just over half of five year olds (57%) were at school with about a third (34%) attending preschool. While in some states and territories children can COMMENCE preschool before they turn four, participation rates for three year olds are much lower than four year olds (24% compared with 56% for four year olds in 2001). The preschool participation rate of four year olds in 2001 (56%) was similar to the rate in 1991 (58%). 78. [LAM] ‘SUSTAINABLE JOB GROWTH’ is a motto for many governments, especially in the aftermath of a recession. The problem of ‘job quality’ is less often addressed and may be seen as HINDERING job growth. The sentiment ‘any job is better than no job’ may resonate with governments as well as people, especially in the context of high unemployment. However, if the balance between improving the quality of EXISTING jobs and creating new jobs becomes greatly imbalanced towards the latter, this could increase work Heriot-Watt University in Edinburgh has become the first in Europe to offer an MBA in Arabic among CURRENT and future workers, which in turn has health, economic and social costs. A recent British Academy Policy Centre Report on Stress at Work highlights these CONCERNS, and describes the context, determinants and consequences of work-related stress in Britain. 79. [ADNAN’S LAM] In an attempt to LURE new students, leading business schools – including Harvard, Stanford, the University of Chicago and Wharton – have moved away from the unofficial admissions PREREQUISITE of four years’ work experience and INSTEAD have set their sights on recent college graduates and so-called “early career” PROFESSIONALS with only a couple years of work under their belt. 80. Sound depressing, even apocalyptic? Well, it could be the future. If government FORECASTS are right, about 20 years from now, two out of five households will be single OCCUPANCY. And there is evidence the situation is already DETERIORATING. According to a report, Social Isolation in America, published in the American Sociological Review in 2006, the average American today has only two close friends. Twenty-five per cent of those surveyed said they do not have anyone to talk with about important things. And yet, while some are DECLARING a crisis in our ability to make friends, others are saying exactly the opposite. For example, MSN’s Anatomy of Friendship Report, published last November, suggests that the average Briton has 54 friends - a spectacular rise of 64 per cent since 2003. 81. According to the literature, the history of VACCINATION can be traced back to as early as the 7th century when the monks in India tried to immunize themselves by drinking snake VENOM. The first vaccination was INOCULATION with human smallpox, a practice widely carried out in ancient India, Arabia, and China. This method of vaccination consisted of collecting pus from a patient suffering from mild form of smallpox virus infection and INOCULATING the sample to a healthy human, which later led to a minor infection. This method was first introduced in England by a Greek named E. Timoni. However, this method had a risk of spreading smallpox in the community and even worsening the health condition of the person who received the inoculation. While the use of human smallpox vaccine was CONTROVERSIAL, E. Jenner came up with bovine smallpox vaccine in 1796; this new method also faced controversy, but continued to be UNIVERSALIZED. Smallpox became a preventable disease by injecting pus extracted from a human infected with cowpox virus. Jenner named the substance "vaccine" after the Latin word "vacca" which means "cow," and thus the process of giving vaccine became "vaccination”. 82. The increasing darkness in the Northern Hemisphere this time of year "indicates to the plant that FALL/AUTUMN is coming on. So it starts recouping materials from the LEAVES before they drop off." Evergreens protect their needle-like foliage from freezing with WAXY coatings and natural "antifreezes." But broadleaf plants, like sugar maples, birches, and sumacs, have no such protections. As a result, they SHED their leaves. But before they do, the plants first try to SALVAGE important nutrients such as nitrogen and phosphorus. 83. [LAM] The article subjects the assumptions and prescriptions of the `Corporate Culture' literature to critical scrutiny. The BODY of the article is devoted to teasing out the distinctive basis of its appeal COMPARED with earlier management theory. It is seen to build upon earlier efforts (eg 'theory Y') to constitute a self-disciplining form of employee subjectivity by asserting that `practical autonomy' is conditional upon the development of a strong corporate culture. The paper illuminates the dark side of this project by drawing ATTENTION to the subjugating and totalitarian implications of its excellence/quality prescriptions. To this END, parallels are drawn with the philosophy of control favoured by the Party in Orwell's Nineteen Eighty-Four. Specifically, the paper critiques the doublethink' contention that autonomy can be realized in monocultural conditions that systematically CONSTRAIN opportunities to wrestle with competing values standpoints and their associated life projects. 84. Sportswomen's records are important and need to be preserved. And if the paper records don't EXIST, we need to get out and start interviewing people, not to put too fine a POINT on it, while we still have a chance. After all, if the records aren't kept in some form or another, then the stories are LOST too. 85. Now that doesn't mean that plainness is the only good style, or that you should become a SLAVE to SPARE, unadorned writing. Formality and ornateness have their place, and in COMPETENT hands complexity can carry us ON a dizzying, breathtaking journey. But most students, most of the time, should STRIVE to be sensibly simple, to develop a baseline style of short words, active verbs, and relatively simple sentences conveying clear actions or identities. It's faster, it makes arguments easier to follow, it increases the chances a busy READER will bother to pay attention, and it lets you FOCUS more attention on your moments of rhetorical flourish, which I do not advise ABANDONING altogether. 86. VERSION 1 (Prabhjot, Arsh&Jyoti[sc]: Drop Down) Measuring poverty on a global scale REQUIRES establishing a uniform poverty level across extremely divergent economies, which can result in only rough comparisons. The World Bank has defined the international poverty line as U.S. $1 and $2 per day in 1993 Purchasing Power Parity (PPP), which adjusts for differences in the PRICES of goods and services between countries. The $1 per day level is generally used for the LEASTDEVELOPED countries, primarily African; the $2-per-day level is used for middle INCOME economies such as those of East Asia and Latin America. 87. VERSION 2 [LAM] The World Bank has defined the international poverty line as U.S. $1 and $2 per day in 1993 Purchasing Power Parity (PPP), which adjusts for differences in the PRICES of goods and services between countries. The $1 per day level is generally used for the LEAST developed countries, primarily African; the $2-per-day level is used for middle INCOME economies such as those of East Asia and Latin America. 88. University science is now in real crisis - particularly the non-telegenic, non-ology bits of it such as chemistry. Since 1996, 28 universities have stopped offering chemistry degrees, according to the Royal Society of Chemistry. The society PREDICTS that as few as six departments (those at Durham, Cambridge, Imperial, UCL, Bristol and Oxford) could remain OPEN by 2014. Most recently, Exeter University closed down its chemistry department, blaming it on "market forces", and Bristol took in some of the refugees. The closures have been blamed on a FALL in student applications, but money is a FACTOR: chemistry degrees are expensive to provide - compared with English, for example - and some scientists say that the way the government concentrates research FUNDING on a small number of top departments, such as Bristol, exacerbates the problem. 89. In the U.S., artists in the mid-1950s began to create a BRIDGE to Pop. Strongly influenced by Dada and its emphasis on appropriation and everyday objects, artists increasingly worked with COLLAGE, consumer products, and a healthy dose of irony. Jasper Johns reimagined iconic imagery like the American flag; Robert Rauschenberg employed silk-screen printings and found objects; and Larry Rivers used images of mass-produced goods. All three are considered American FORERUNNERS of Pop. 90. [LAM] From a child’s point of view, what is the purpose of TV advertising? Is advertising on TV done to give actors the opportunity to take a rest or PRACTICE their lines? Or is it done to make people buy things? Furthermore, is the main DIFFERENCE between programs and commercials that commercials are for real, whereas programs are not, or that programs are for kids and commercials for adults? As has been shown several times in the literature, some children are able to DISTINGUISH between programs and commercials and are AWARE of the intent of TV advertising, whereas others are not. 91. Phoenix is adamant that the new course will teach “solid CHEMISTRY”, but he thinks that an attraction for students will be a teaching approach that DIFFERS significantly from his days as an undergraduate. This takes real-life issues as the starting point of lectures and modules, such as how drugs are made or the science behind green issues. Out of this study, he says, students will be exposed to exactly the same core chemistry unchanged over decades, but they will be doing it in a way that is more ENGAGING and more likely to lead to more fundamental learning. 92. An eccentric mix of English, German and French has entered Japanese usage with grand abandon. A "kariya" woman is a career woman, and a "manshon" is an apartment. This increasing use of katakana, or unique Japanese versions of Western words, and the younger generation's more casual use of the Japanese language have prompted Prime Minister Junichiro Koizumi to worry that these new words may not be understood by a wider audience. AS A RESULT, a government panel is proposing to publish a manual on how to speak proper Japanese. Foreign words became katakana Japanese BECAUSE no existing Japanese words could quite capture a specific meaning or feeling. When the word "cool" traveled east, all of its English connotations did not make the journey. A kuru person in Japan is someone who is calm and never gets upset. ON THE OTHER HAND, someone who is kakkoii is hip, or in translation, "cool." SIMILARLY, a hotto person is one who is easily excitable, perhaps passionate, but not necessarily a popular person or personality of the moment. 93. In 2001 he received the SIUC Outstanding Scholar Award. In 2003 he received the Carski Award for Distinguished Undergraduate Teaching from the American Society for Microbiology. Mike’s research is FOCUSED on bacteria that inhabit extreme environments, and for the past 12 years he has studied the microbiology of permanently ice-covered lakes in the McMurdo Dry Valleys, Antarctica. In addition to his research papers, he has edited a major treatise on phototrophic bacteria and served for over a decade as chief editor of the JOURNAL Archives of Microbiology. He currently serves on the editorial board of Environmental Microbiology. Mike’s nonscientific INTERESTS include forestry, reading, and caring for his dogs and horses. He lives BESIDE a peaceful and quiet lake with his wife, Nancy, five shelter dogs (Gaino, Snuffy, Pepto, Peanut, and Merry), and four horses (Springer, Feivel, Gwen, and Festus). 94. One thing is certain. Most people do not get enough exercise in their ORDINARY routines. All of the advances of modern technology — from ELECTRIC can openers to power steering — have made life easier, more comfortable and much less physically DEMANDING. Yet our bodies need activity, especially if they are carrying around too MUCH fat. Satisfying this need requires a definite plan, and a commitment. 95. Complementary therapies – such as those PRACTISED by naturopaths, chiropractors and acupuncturists – have become increasingly popular in Australia over the last few decades. Interest initially coincided with ENTHUSIASM for alternative lifestyles, while immigration and increased contact and trade with China have also had an INFLUENCE. The status of complementary therapies is being re-visited in a number of areas: legal regulation; the stances of doctors’ associations; their inclusion in medical education; and scientific research into their EFFICACY. 96) [LAM] So why is it a concern? it is BECAUSE radioactivity is invisible and unsensed, and for that reason is perceived as scary. NEVERTHELESS, we understand quite well the radiation levels to which people can be EXPOSED without harm, and those levels are orders of MAGNITUDE above the typical background levels. 97) Egg-eating snakes are a small group of snakes whose diet consists only of eggs. (DIET, EASY, TIME, OPEN). 98) [Drop Down] Ikebana is the Japanese art of flower arrangement. It is more than simply putting flowers in a CONTAINER. It is a disciplined art form in which the ARRANGEMENT is a living thing where nature and humanity are brought together. It is STEEPED in the philosophy of developing a closeness with nature. As is true of all other arts, ikebana is creative expression within certain rules of construction. Its materials are living branches, leaves, grasses, and BLOSSOMS. Its heart is the beauty resulting from color combinations, natural shapes, graceful lines, and the meaning latent in the total form of the arrangement. Ikebana is, therefore, much more than mere FLORAL DECORATION. 98) [Drag and Drop] Ikebana CONTAINER, ARRANGEMENT, PLANT 99. [LAM] Allergies are abnormal immune system reactions to things that are typically harmless to most people. When you're allergic to something, your immune system MISTAKENLY believes that this substance is harmful to your body. Substances that cause allergic reactions — such as certain foods, dust, plant pollen, or medicines — are known as allergens. In an attempt to PROTECT the body, the immune system produces IgE antibodies to that allergen. Those antibodies then cause certain cells in the body to RELEASE chemicals into the bloodstream, one of which is histamine. The histamine then ACTS on a person's eyes, nose, throat, lungs, skin, or gastrointestinal tract and causes the symptoms of the allergic reaction. Future exposure to that same allergen will trigger this antibody response again. This means that every time you come into contact with that allergen, you'll have an allergic reaction. 100. Once an organization has its product to sell, it must then DETERMINE the appropriate price to sell it at. The price is set by balancing many factors including supply-and-demand, cost, desired profit, competition, perceived value, and market behavior. Ultimately, the final price is determined by what the market is willing to EXCHANGE for the product. Pricing theory can be quite complex because so many FACTORS influence what the purchaser DECIDES is a fair value. 101. VERSION 1: Fancy a locust for lunch? Probably not, if you live in the west, but elsewhere it's a different story. Edible insects —termites, stick insects, dragonflies, grasshoppers and giant water bugs — are on the menu for an ESTIMATED 80 per cent Of the world's population. More than 1000 species of insects are served up around the world. For example, "kungu cakes" — made from midges —are a DELICACY in parts of Africa. Mexico is an insect-eating — or entomophagous — hotspot, where more than 200 insect species are consumed. Demand is so high that 40 species are now under threat, including white agave worms. These caterpillars of the tequila giant-skipper butterfly FETCH around $250 a kilogram. Eating insects makes NUTRITIONAL sense. Some contain more PROTEIN instance, is about 80 per cent protein. Insects can be a good SOURCE (Ustaterpsichore) eaten in Angola is rich in iron, zinc and thiamine. than meat or fish. The female gypsy moth, for of vitamins and minerals too: a type of caterpillar What do they taste like? Ants have a lemon tang, apparently, whereas giant water bugs taste of mint and fire ant pupae of watermelon. You have probably, inadvertently, already tasted some of these things, as insects are often accidental tourists in other types of food. The US Food and Drug Administration even issues guidelines for the number of insect parts allowed in certain foods. For example, it is ACCEPTABLE for 225 grams of macaroni to contain up to 225 insect fragments. 101. VERSION 2: More than 1000 species of insects are served up around the world. For example, "kungu cakes" — made from midges —are a DELICACY in parts of Africa. Mexico is an insect-eating — or entomophagous — hotspot, where more than 200 insect species are consumed. Demand is so high that 40 species are now under THREAT, including white agave worms. These caterpillars of the tequila giant-skipper butterfly FETCH around $250 a kilogram. 101. VERSION 3: More than 1000 species of insects are served up around the world. For example, "kungu cakes" — made from midges —are a DELICACY in parts of Africa. Mexico is an insect-eating — or entomophagous — hotspot, where more than 200 insect species are consumed. DEMAND is so high that 40 species are now under threat, including white agave worms. These caterpillars of the tequila giant-skipper butterfly FETCH around $250 a kilogram. Eating insects makes NUTRITIONAL sense. Some contain more PROTEIN instance, is about 80 per cent protein. Insects can be a good SOURCE (Ustaterpsichore) eaten in Angola is rich in iron, zinc and thiamine. 102. If you have a CHRONIC disease — such as heart disease, diabetes, asthma, or back or joint pain — exercise can have important health BENEFITS. However, it's important to talk to your doctor before starting an exercise routine. He or she might have ADVICE on what exercises are safe and any precautions you might need to take while exercising. 103. Financing of Australian higher education has undergone dramatic change since the early 1970s. Although the Australian Government provided regular funding for universities from the late 1950s, in 1974 it ASSUMED full responsibility for funding higher education - ABOLISHING tuition fees with the intention of making university ACCESSIBLE to all Australians who had the ABILITY and who wished to participate in higher education. Since the late 1980s, there has been a move towards greater private contributions, particularly student fees. In 1989, the Australian Government introduced the Higher Education Contribution Scheme (HECS) which included a loans scheme to help students finance their contributions. This enabled universities to remain accessible to students by delaying their payments until they could afford to pay off their loans. In 2002, the Australian Government INTRODUCED a scheme similar to HECS for postgraduate students - the Postgraduate Education Loan Scheme (PELS). Funding for higher education comes from various sources. This article examines the three main sources - Australian Government funding, student fees and charges, and HECS. While the proportion of total REVENUE raised through HECS is relatively small, HECS payments are a significant component of students' university costs, with many students carrying a HECS debt for several years after leaving university. This article also focuses on characteristics of university students based on their HECS liability status, and the level of accumulated HECS debt. 104. [Drop Down: LAM] Bhutan is the last standing Buddhist Kingdom in the World and, until recently, has PRESERVED much of their culture since the 17th century by avoiding globalization and staying isolated from the world. Internet, television, and western dress were banned from the country up until ten years ago. But over the past ten years globalization has begun to change in Bhutan, but things remain PERFECTLY balanced. Bhutan is the only country in the world that has a ‘GNH.’ You may think GNH is just another STATISTICALLY based term with no real life application, but it refers to “Gross National Happiness.” The process of measuring GNH began when Bhutan opened up to globalization. It measures people’s quality of life, and makes sure that “material and spiritual development happen together.” Bhutan has done an amazing job of finding this balance. Bhutan has continually been (ranked) as the happiest country in all of Asia, and the eighth Happiest Country in the world according to Business Week. In 2007, Bhutan had the second fastest growing GDP in the world, at the same time as MAINTAINING their environment and cultural identity. Bhutan is the only Buddhist Kingdom in the world; Mahayana Buddhism is the official religion of Bhutan. Over two thirds of the people are Buddhist, and Buddhism is supported by the government both politically and economically. The government gives SUBSIDIES to Buddhist monasteries, shrines, monks and other Buddhist programs. 105. [Drag & Drop: LAM] Impressionism was an art movement of the 19th century, which began as a private association of Paris-based artists who exhibited publicly in 1874. The term impressionism originated from art critic Louis Leroy, who commented Monet's painting 'Impression: Soleil Levant'. Leroy said that it indeed was just an impression and that the work could not be considered finished. The impressionists adopted this term and decided to use it for their own BENEFIT. Early Impressionist painters were RADICALS in their time, breaking many of the rules of picture making that had been set by earlier GENERATIONS. Up until the Impressionists, history had been the accepted SOURCE of subject matter for paintings 106. It is the assertion of this article that students who use visual art as a pre-writing stimulus are composing their ideas both in images and in words. The result of the art creation process allows students the distance to ELABORATE, add details, and create more coherent text. The process of writing is more than putting words on a piece of paper. Effective authors are able to create IMAGERY and to communicate ideas using well-chosen words, phrases, and text structures. Emergent writers struggle with the MECHANICS of the writing process, i.e., fine motor control for printing legibly, recall of spelling patterns, and the use of syntax and grammar rules. As a result, texts written by young writers tend to be simplistic and formulaic. The artwork FACILITATES the writing process, resulting in a text that is richer in sensory detail and more INTRICATE than the more traditional writing-first crayon drawing second APPROACH. 107. The first banks were probably the religious temples of the ancient world, and were probably established sometime during the third millennium B.C. Banks probably PREDATED the invention of money. Deposits initially consisted of grain and later other goods including cattle, agricultural implements, and eventually precious METALS such as gold, in the form of easy-to-carry compressed plates. Temples and palaces were the safest places to store gold as they were constantly attended and well BUILT. As sacred places, temples presented an extra deterrent to WOULD-BE thieves. 108. The principal recommendation of the world conferences was that countries must take full responsibility for their own development. National responsibility for national development is the necessary consequence of SOVEREIGNTY. The Monterrey Consensus states that "Each country has primary responsibility for its own economic and social development, and the role of national policies and development strategies cannot be OVEREMPHASISED”. The Johannesburg Plan of Implementation called for all governments to begin implementing national sustainable development strategies (NSDS) by 2005 and the 2005 summit agreed on a target of 2006 for all developing countries to adopt and start IMPLEMENTATION of these strategies to achieve the internationally agreed goals. The automatic COROLLARY of the principle is that each country must be free to determine its own development strategy. It is essential that all donors and lenders accept the principle of country ownership of national development strategies. This implies that acceptance of the principle that development strategies should not only be ATTUNED to country circumstances, but also be prepared and implemented under the leadership of the governments of the countries themselves. The 2005 World Summit also acknowledged, in this regard, that all countries must recognize the need for developing countries to strike a BALANCE between their national policy priorities and their international commitments. 109. Over the past ten years Australian overseas departures have grown from 1.7 million to 3.2 million. This represents strong average, annual growth of 6.5 per cent. This paper ANALYSES outbound travel demand to each destination country using the travel demand models of short-term resident departures. The models are specified in terms of a double logarithmic linear functional form, with overseas departures as the dependent variable and real household disposable income prices of travel and accommodation in Australia, and overseas and the exchange rate as independent VARIABLES. The models were estimated using historical times series data from 1974 to 1998. The data were obtained from several SOURCES such as the World Tourism Organization, Australian Bureau of Statistics, World Bank and International Monetary Fund. The results suggest that the estimated elasticity parameters are consistent with standard economic theory. The number of short-term resident departures is positively influenced by per capita real household disposable income; and the price of domestic travel and accommodation, are NEGATIVELY influenced by the price of travel and accommodation overseas. The estimated demand models were used to develop the Tourism Forecasting Council’s long run forecasts. The forecasts suggest the number of short-term resident departures will increase strongly over the next ten years, largely due to the strength of the Australian economy, competitive travel prices, and Australians' interest in KNOWING different cultures and lifestyles. 110. There isn't a financial director around who wouldn't like to accelerate cash flow by reducing debtors days - in other words, get customers to pay up faster. In Europe's top 1000 quoted companies, nearly one quarter of all invoices are unpaid AT ANY POINT IN TIME, according to recent research carried out by the ASF organization. This means they are sitting on a total of 274 bn overdue debt. Most of this is caused by poor collection practices. According to Jan Porter, ASF's Managing Director, "You can set up all the systems you want, you can insist on watertight contracts and payment terms, the government can even introduce late payment legislation, but there are always come debtors who FAIL TO PAY ON TIME. Once a payment is overdue, your first step is to talk to your debtor. You should let them know the payment is late and try to find out if there is a dispute about the work, or if your debtor has financial problems. THIS IS OKAY, but Tim Vainio, a chartered accountant, believes that too many companies are afraid of losing a relationship, and that, BEFORE UNDERTAKING ANY ACTION, the focus should be on recovering as much money as possible, rather than on preserving a relationship. 111. The allure of the book has always been negative and POSITIVE, for the texts and pictures between the covers have helped many young readers to DISCOVER and grasp the world around them in a pleasurable and meaningful way. But the allure has also enabled authors and publishers to prey upon young readers' dispositions and desires and to SELL them a menu that turns out to be junk food. The texts and pictures titillate children or reinforce certain formulaic patterns of thinking that reduce the possibility for the child to develop his or her own creative and critical talents. 112. Those were his halcyon days, when his music was heard constantly in Venice and his influence BLANKETED Europe. He spent much of his time on the road, PERFORMING and overseeing productions of his music. In Germany, Bach studied Vivaldi’s scores, copied them for performance and ARRANGED some for other instruments. 113. Australia is a dynamic multi-cultural society, viewed by many as the world's most desirable place to live. Here Frank Welsh traces Australia's intriguing and varied history to EXAMINE how this society EMERGED, from its ancient Aborigine tribes and earliest British convict SETTLEMENTS to today's modern nation - one that RETAINS strong links with its colonial past but is increasingly independent and diverse. 114. People who visit health professionals tend to be older than the GENERAL population, because illness increases with age. However, the PROPORTION of the population who visited complementary health therapists was highest between the ages 25 and 64 years. The lower rates for people aged 65 years and over CONTRASTED with the rate of visits to other health professionals which increased steadily with increasing age. The reasons for this difference might include lower levels of ACCEPTANCE of complementary therapies by older people. Alternatively, older people may have different treatment priorities than do younger people because their health on average is worse while their incomes are generally lower. 115. There were twenty-six freshmen MAJORING in English at Beijing Language Institute in the class of 1983, I was ASSIGNED to Group Two with another eleven boys and girls who had COME FROM big cities in China. I was told that language study required smallness so that we would get more attention from the skilful teachers. The better the school, the smaller the class. I realized that my classmates were already, all TALKING in English, simple sentences tossed out to each other in their red-faced introductions and carefree chatting. Their intonations were curving and dramatic and their pronunciation refined and accurate. But as I stretched to catch the drips and drops of their humming dialogue, I couldn't UNDERSTAND it all, only that it was English. Those words now flying before me sounded a little familiar. I had read them and tried to speak them, but I had never HEARD them spoken back to me in such a speedy, fluent manner. My big plan of BEATING the city folks was thawing before my eyes. 116. Version 1 [LAM] Drive down any highway, and you'll see a proliferation of chain restaurants—most likely, if you travel long and far enough, you'll see McDonald's golden arches as well as signs for Burger King, Hardee's, and Wendy's, the "big four" of burgers. Despite its name, though, Burger King has fallen short of CLAIMING the burger crown, unable to surpass market leader McDonald's No. 1 sales status. Always the bridesmaid and never the bride, Burger King remains No. 2. Worse yet, Burger King has experienced a six-year 22 percent decline in customer traffic, with its overall quality rating dropping while ratings for the other three CONTENDERS have increased.1 The decline has been ATTRIBUTED to inconsistent product quality and poor customer service. Although the chain tends to throw advertising dollars at the problem, an understanding of Integrated Marketing Communication theory would suggest that internal management problems (nineteen CEOs in fifty years) need to be RECTIFIED before a unified, long-term strategy can be put in place. The importance of consistency in brand image and messages, at all levels of communication, has become a basic tenet of IMC theory and practice. The person who takes the customer's order must communicate the same message as Burger King's famous tagline, "Have it your way," or the customer will just buzz up the highway to a chain restaurant that seems more consistent and, therefore, more RELIABLE. Version 2 [LAM] Drive down any highway, and you'll see a proliferation of chain restaurants—most likely, if you travel long and far enough, you'll see McDonald's golden arches as well as signs for Burger King, Hardee's, and Wendy's, the "big four" of burgers. Despite its name, though, Burger King has fallen short of CLAIMING the burger crown, unable to surpass market leader McDonald's No. 1 sales status. Always the bridesmaid and never the bride, Burger King remains No. 2. Worse yet, Burger King has experienced a six-year 22 percent decline in customer traffic, with its overall quality rating dropping while ratings for the other three CONTENDERS have increased.1 The decline has been attributed to inconsistent product quality and poor customer service. Although the chain tends to throw advertising dollars at the problem, an understanding of Integrated Marketing Communication theory would suggest that internal management problems (nineteen CEOs in fifty years) need to be RECTIFIED before a unified, long-term strategy can be put in place. The IMPORTANCE of consistency in brand image and messages, at all levels of communication, has become a basic tenet of IMC theory and practice. The person who takes the customer's order must communicate the same message as Burger King's famous tagline, "Have it your way," or the customer will just buzz up the highway to a chain restaurant that seems more consistent and, therefore, more RELIABLE. 117. [LAM] Descendants of the Maya living in Mexico still sometimes refer to themselves as “the corn people.” The phrase is not intended as metaphor. Rather, it’s meant to ACKNOWLEDGE their abiding dependence on this miraculous grass, the STAPLE of their diet for almost 9,000 years. The supermarket itself–the wallboard and joint compound, the linoleum and fiberglass and adhesives out of which the building itself has been built–is in no small measure a MANIFESTATION of corn. 118. [LAM] A creature may have fine physical defences…ap s f itr APPALLING, STRUGGLE, FEATURES, IMPORTANT, TRIAL 119. [LAM] C D G B S So how do we prevent a mass exodus from work to retirement? For a start, we need to change our CONCEPT of 'retirement', and we need to change mindsets arising from earlier government policy which, in the face of high unemployment levels, encouraged mature workers to take early retirement. Today, government encourages them to DELAY their retirement. We now need to think of retirement as a phased process, where mature age workers GRADUALLY reduce their hours, and where they have considerable flexibility in how they combine their work and non work time. We also need to recognise the broader change that is occurring in how people work, learn, and live. Increasingly we are moving away from a linear relationship between education, training, work, and retirement, as people move in and out of jobs, careers, caregiving, study, and leisure. Employers of choice remove the BARRIERS between the different segments of people's lives, by creating flexible conditions of work and a range of leave entitlements. They take an individualised approach to workforce planning and development so that the needs of employers and employees can be met SIMULTANEOUSLY. 120. [LAM] Agrarian parties are political parties chiefly representing the interests of peasants or, more broadly, the rural sector of society. The extent to which they are important, or WHETHER they even exist, depends mainly on two factors. One, obviously, is the size of an identifiable peasantry, or the size of the rural relative TO the urban population. The other is a matter of social integration: FOR agrarian parties to be important, the representation of countryside or peasantry must not be integrated WITH the other major sections of society. THUS a country might possess a sizeable rural population, but have an economic system in which the interests of the voters were predominantly related to their incomes, not to their occupations or location; and in such a country the political system would be unlikely to include an important agrarian party. 121. [LAM] Many people today think of culture in the way that it was thought of in Europe during the 18th and early 19th centuries. This CONCEPT of culture reflected inequalities within European societies and their colonies around the world. This understanding of culture equates culture with civilization and contrasts both with nature or non-civilization. According to this understanding of culture, some countries are more civilized than others, and some people are more cultured than others. Anything that doesn't FIT into this category is labeled as chaos or anarchy. From this perspective, culture is closely tied to cultivation, which is the progressive refinement of human BEHAVIOR. In practice, culture referred to elite goods and activities such as haute cuisine, high fashion or haute couture, museum-caliber art and classical music. The word cultured referred to people who knew about and took part in these activities. For example, someone who used culture in this sense might ARGUE that classical music is more refined than music by working-class people, such as jazz or the indigenous music traditions of aboriginal peoples. 122. [LAM] R L C C T The writer- or, for that matter, the speaker conceives his thought whole, as a unity, but must express it in a line of words; the reader- or listener- must take this line of symbols and from it RECONSTRUCT the original wholeness of thought. There is LITTLE difficulty in conversation, because the listener receives innumerable cues from the physical expressions of the speaker; there is a dialogue, and the listener can CUT in at any time. The advantage of group discussion is that people can overcome linear sequence of words by CONVERGING on ideas from different directions; which makes for wholeness of thought. But the reader is confronted by line upon line of printed symbols, without benefits of physical TONE and emphasis or the possibility of dialogue or discussion. 123. [LAM] C I C P Research has suggested that major stresses in our lives are life CHANGES, for example, moving house, marriage or relationship breakdown. Work-related factors, INCLUDING unemployment and boredom, are also common CAUSES of stress. Differences in personality may also PLAY a part. 124. [LAM] P R S DNA fingerprint can (1) PROVE that a suspect was actually at the scene of a crime….(2) RESERVE…….(3) SAMPLES. 125. [LAM] [CLUE: Meri Family In Chandigarh India. Credit: Arsh] People move to a new region for many different reasons. The MOTIVATION for moving can come from a combination of what researchers sometimes call 'push and pull FACTORS’ - those that encourage people to leave a region, and those that attract people to a region. Some of the factors that motivate people to move INCLUDE seeking a better climate, finding more affordable housing, looking for work or retiring from work, leaving the CONGESTION of city living, wanting a more pleasant environment, and wanting to be near to family and friends. In reality many complex factors and personal reasons may INTERACT to motivate a person or family to move. 126. [LAM] Friedman showed that, while people do save more when they earn more, it is ONLY to spend later. Those in work save AGAINST a time of sickness, unemployment or old age - but because the sick, unemployed and elderly spend their savings, overall CONSUMPTION does not fall as people get richer. Version 1: Answers: ONLY, AGAINST, CONSUMPTION Version 2: Answers: ONLY, TIME, SPEND, CONSUMPTION 127. 4 Blanks [3 ARE LAM] Stars and the material between them are almost always found in gigantic STELLAR systems called galaxies. Our own galaxy, the Milky Way System, happens to be one of the two largest systems in the Local Group of two dozen or so galaxies. The other is the Andromeda galaxy; it STRETCHES more than one hundred thousand light- years from one end to the other, and it is LOCATED about two million light-years distant from us. 128. 4 Blanks [3 ARE LAM] The Dag Hammarskjöld Library at United Nations Headquarters in New York is a library designated to facilitate the work of the United Nations and focuses mainly on the needs of the UN Secretariat and diplomatic missions. Anyone with a valid United Nations Headquarters grounds PASS,including specialized agencies, accredited media and NGO staff, is able to visit the library. Due to SECURITY constraints in place at the United Nations Headquarters complex, the library is not open to the general PUBLIC. 129. 5 Blanks [LAM] The amount of sleep you need depends on many FACTORS, especially your age. Newborns sleep between 16 and 18 hours a day and preschool children should sleep between 10 and 12 hours. Older children and teens need at least nine hours to be well rested. For most adults, seven to eight hours a night appears to the best amount of sleep. However, for some people, "enough sleep" may be as few as five hours or as many as 10 hours of sleep. As you get older, your sleeping PATTERNS change. Older adults tend to sleep more lightly and awaken more frequently in the night than younger adults. This can have many causes including medical conditions and medications used to treat them. But there's no evidence that older adults need less sleep than younger adults. Getting enough sleep is important to your health because it boosts your IMMUNE system, which makes your body better able to fight disease. Sleep is necessary for your nervous system to work properly. Too little sleep makes you drowsy and unable to concentrate. It also impairs memory and physical performance. So how many hours of sleep are enough for you? Experts say that if you feel drowsy during the day — even during boring activities — you are not getting enough sleep. Also, quality of sleep is just as IMPORTANT as quantity. People whose sleep is frequently interrupted or cut short are not getting quality sleep. If you experience frequent daytime sleepiness, even after increasing the amount of quality sleep you get, talk to your doctor. He or she may be able to IDENTIFY the cause of sleep problems and offer advice on how to get a better night's sleep. 130. 4 Blanks [LAM] For too long we have held preconceived notions of 'the' market and 'the' state that were seemingly independent of local societies and cultures. The debate about civil society ultimately is about how culture, market and state RELATE TO each other. Concern about civil society, however, is not only relevant to central and eastern Europe and the developing world. It is very much of INTEREST TO the European Union as well. The Civil Dialogue initiated by the Commission in the 1990s was a first attempt by the EU to give the institutions of society-and not only governments and businesses-a voice at the policy-making tables in Brussels. The EU, like other international institutions, has a long way to go in trying to ACCOMMODATE the frequently divergent interests of non-governmental organisations and citizen groups. There is increasing RECOGNITION that international and national governments have to open up to civil society institutions. 131. 5 Blanks [ 4 ARE LAM] Let us suppose minds to be Answers: VOID, FURNISHED, BOUNDLESS, EXPERIENCE 132. 5 Blanks Rudman looks at how a poor understanding of Maths has led historians to false conclusions about the Mathematical SOPHISTICATION of early societies. Rudman’s final observation-that ancient Greece enjoys UNRIVALLED progress in the subject WHILE failing to teach it at school- leads to a RADICAL punchline; Mathematics could be better learnt after we LEAVE school. 133. 5 Blanks [LAM] One cause of unemployment may be downswings in the trade cycle, i.e. periods of recession. Another explanation of wide-scale unemployment refers to structural employment. STRUCTURAL unemployment arises from longer-term changes in the economy, affecting SPECIFIC industries, regions and occupations. Structural unemployment often explains regional unemployment. Some regions of the UK such as Central Scotland, and the North-West have higher rates of unemployment because the TRADITIONAL heavy industries which LOCATED there have gone into decline as they are REPLACED by cheaper imports from abroad. The new high-tech industries based on new technologies tend to be based in the South-East and along particular growth corridors. 134. Good customer service relates to the service you and your employees provide before, during and after a purchase. For example, it’s how you INTERACT with your customers.Improving your customer service skills can lead to greater customer satisfaction and a more enjoyable experience for them. No matter the size of your business good customer service needs be at the heart of your business model if you wish to be successful. It is important to provide good customer service; to all types of customers, including POTENTIAL, new and existing customers. Although it can take extra resources, time and money, good customer service leads to customer satisfaction which can generate positive WORD-OF-MOUTH for your business, keep your customers happy and encourage them to purchase from your business again. Good customer service can help your business grow and prosper. 135. 4 Blanks [LAM] Version 1 Equitable and sustainable management of water resources is a major global challenge. About one third of the world’s population lives in countries with moderate to high water stress, with DISPROPORTIONATELY high impacts on the poor. With respect to the CURRENT projected human population growth, industrial development and the expansion of irrigated agriculture in the next two DECADES , water demand is expected to rise to levels that will make the task of providing water for human SUSTENANCE more difficult. 4 Blanks [LAM] Version 2 Equitable and sustainable management of water resources is a major global challenge. About one third of the world’s population lives in countries with moderate to high water stress, with DISPROPORTIONATELY high impacts on the poor. With respect to the current projected human population growth, industrial development and the expansion of irrigated agriculture in the next two decades, water demand is expected to rise to levels that will make the task of providing water for human SUSTENANCE more difficult. Since its establishment, the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) has worked to promote sustainable water resources management practices through COLLABORATIVE approaches at the national, regional and global levels. After more than 30 years, water resources management continues to be a strong pillar of UNEP’s work. UNEP is actively participating in addressing water issues together with partner UN AGENCIES, other organizations and donors. They facilitate and catalyse water resource assessments in various developing countries; implement projects that assist countries in developing integrated water resource management plans; create awareness of innovative alternative technologies; and assist the development, implementation and enforcement of water resource management policies, laws and regulations. 136. 4 Blanks [3 ARE LAM] At the beginning of the twenty-first century, the relationship between standard and nonstandard language is, evidently, still an uncertain one. We are at a TRANSITIONAL point between two eras. We seem to be leaving an era when the rules of Standard English, as selected and defined by prescriptive grammarians, totally conditioned our sense of ACCEPTABLE usage, so that all other usages and varieties were considered to be inferior or corrupt, and excluded from serious consideration. And we seem to be approaching an era when nonstandard usages and varieties, previously denigrated or ignored, are achieving a new presence and respectability within society, reminiscent of that found in Middle English, when dialect variation in literature was widespread and uncontentious. But we are not there yet. The rise of Standard English has resulted in a confrontation between the standard and nonstandard dimensions of the language which has lasted for over 200 years, and this has had traumatic CONSEQUENCES which will take some years to eliminate. Once people have been given an inferiority complex about the way they speak or write, they find it difficult to shake off. 137. 4 blanks [3 ARE LAM] Music is an important part of our lives. We connect and interact with it daily and use it as a way of projecting our self-identities to the people around us. The music we enjoy – whether it’s country or classical, rock n’ roll or rap – REFLECTS who we are. But where did music, at its core, first come from? It’s a puzzling question that may not have a definitive answer. One LEADING researcher, however, has proposed that the key to understanding the origin of music is nestled snugly in the loving bond between mother and child. In a lecture at the University of Melbourne, Richard Parncutt, an Australian-born professor of systematic musicology, endorsed the idea that music originally spawned from ‘motherese’ – the playful voices mothers adopt when speaking to INFANTS and toddlers. 138. 5 blanks [4 ARE LAM] Jean Piaget, the pioneering Swiss philosopher and psychologist, spent much of his professional life listening to children, watching children and PORING over reports of researchers around the world who were doing the same. He found, to put it most succinctly, that children don't think like grownups. After thousands of interactions with young people often barely old enough to talk, Piaget began to SUSPECT that behind their cute and seemingly illogical utterances were thought processes that had their own kind of order and their own special logic. Einstein called it a DISCOVERY "so simple that only a genius could have thought of it." Piaget's insight opened a new window into the inner workings of the mind. By the end of a wide-ranging and remarkably PROLIFIC research career that spanned nearly 75 years--from his first scientific publication at age 10 to work still in progress when he died at 84--Piaget had developed several new fields of science: developmental psychology, cognitive theory and what came to be called genetic epistemology. Although not an educational reformer, he championed a way of thinking about children that provided the foundation for today's education-reform movements.. 139. 5 blanks [3 ARE LAM] Omniscience may be a foible of men, but it is not so of books. Knowledge, as Johnson said, is of two KINDS, you may know a thing yourself, and you may know where to find it.Now the amount which you may actually know yourself must, at its best, be limited, but what you may know of the SOURCES of information may, with proper training, become almost boundless. And here come the value and use of reference books--the working of one book in connexion with another--and applying your own INTELLIGENCE to both. By this means we get as near to that omniscient volume which tells everything as ever we shall get, and although the single volume or work which tells everything does not exist, there is a vast number of reference books in existence, a knowledge and proper use of which is essential to every intelligent person. Necessary as I believe reference books to be, they can easily be made to be contributory to idleness, and too mechanical a use should not be made of them. Very admirable reference books come to us from America, where great industry is shown, and funds for publishing them never seem to be short. The French, too, are excellent at reference books, but the inferior way in which they are printed makes them tiresome to refer to. 140. 5 blanks [LAM] Deciding to go to business school is perhaps the simplest part of what can be a complicated process. With nearly 600 accredited MBA programmes on OFFER around the world, the choice of where to study can be overwhelming. Here we explain how to CHOOSE the right school and course for you and unravel the application and funding process. “Probably the MAJORITY of people applying to business school are at a point in their careers where they know they WANT to shake things up, but they don’t know exactly what they want to do with their professional lives,” says Stacy Blackman, an MBA admissions consultant based in Los Angeles. “If that’s the case with you, look at other CRITERIA: culture, teaching method, location, and then pick a place that’s a good fit for you with a strong general management programme. Super-defined career goals don’t have to be a part of this process.” 141. 4 blanks [LAM] Charles Darwin knew intuitively that tropical forests were places of TREMENDOUS intricacy and energy. He and his cohort of scientific naturalists were AWED by the beauty of the Neotropics, where they collected tens of thousands of SPECIES new to science. But they couldn't have guessed at the complete contents of the rain forest, and they had no idea of its VALUE to humankind. 142. 5 blanks [LAM] In an often-cited study about counterfactuals, Medvec, Madey, and Gilovich (1995) found that bronze medalists appeared happier than silver medalists in television coverage of the 1992 Summer Olympics. Medvec et al. ARGUED that bronze medalists compared themselves to 4th place finishers, whereas silver medalists compared themselves to gold medalists. These counterfactuals were the most SALIENT because they were either qualitatively different (gold vs. silver) or categorically different (medal vs. no medal) from what ACTUALLY occurred. Drawing on archival data and experimental studies, we show that Olympic athletes (among others) are more likely to make counterfactual comparisons based on their PRIOR expectations, consistent with decision affect theory. Silver medalists are more likely to be disappointed because their personal expectations are higher than THOSE of bronze medalists. We provide a test between expectancy-based versus category-based processing and discuss circumstances that trigger each type of processing. 143. Almost all public spaces nowadays have advertisements in sight, and all forms of media, from newspapers to the cinema to the Internet, are FILLED with adverts. This all-pervasive presence REFLECTS the value of advertising to us. Without it, businesses of all types and sizes would STRUGGLE to inform potential customers about the products or services they provide, and consumers would be unable to make INFORMED assessments when looking for products to buy and services to use. Without advertising, the promotion of products and PRACTICES that contribute to our physical and psychological well-being – medicines to treat minor ailments, insurance schemes to protect us, clothes and cosmetics to make us look and feel better – would be INFINITELY morePROBLEMATIC than it is. And without advertisements and the ASPIRATIONS represented in them, the world would be a far DULLER place. 144. Folklore Answers: SUPERSTITIONS, CONSTITUTE 145. Icing and anti-inflammatories will help WITH the pain and swelling. Vigorous massage OF the knot IN the muscle will help it TO relax and ease the pain. Meanwhile, work ON strengthening and stretching your hip, hamstring and lower-back muscles. FOR stretching, focus on the hamstring stretch, the hip & lower-back stretch, and the hamstring & back stretch. For strengthening, try side leg lifts. 146. Forest plays a crucial role in migration of climate change (4 Blanks) Answers: PRIMARILY, PROMOTING, INCREASING, EQUIVALENT 147. The presentation will discuss copyright’s roles as one the intellectual (5 Blanks) Answers: DIFFER, AN OVERVIEW, DETERMINE, SUPPORTED, MANAGE 148. 5 blanks [4 ARE LAM] A sustainable transportation system is one in which people's needs and desires for access to jobs, commerce, recreation, culture and home are accommodated using a minimum of resources. Applying PRINCIPLES of SUSTAINABILITY to transportation will reduce pollution generated by gasoline-powered engines, noise, traffic congestion, land devaluation, urban sprawl, economic segregation, and injury to drivers, pedestrians and cyclists. In addition, the costs of commuting, shipping, housing and goods will be REDUCED. Ultimately in a sustainable San Francisco, almost all trips to and WITHIN the City will be on public transit, foot or bicycle — as will a good part of trips to the larger Bay Region. Walking through streets designed for pedestrians and bicycles will be more pleasant than walking through those designed for the automobile. Street-front retail and commercial establishments will prosper from the large VOLUME of foot traffic drawn to an environment enhanced by trees, appropriately designed "street furniture," (street lights, bicycle racks, benches, and the like) and other people. Rents and property costs will be lowered as land for off-street parking is no LONGER required or needed. 149. 4 blanks [LAM] Pidgins are languages that are born after contact between at least two languages. As many pidgins developed during the period of empire and international trade, one of the language 'parents' was frequently a European language such as French or English, and the other language parent was the language of the people with whom the Europeans were TRADING or whom they were colonising. Usually one of the languages provided the majority of VOCABULARY items and the other provided the grammatical structure. When pidgins become learned as a mother tongue, they become KNOWN as creoles. I am not going to discuss pidgins and creoles and contact languages as such in this book in ANY DEPTH. 150.Drag and Drop 3 blanks [LAM] Having tracked down research that is RELEVANT to your area of interest the next task is to actually make sense of that research. This section is intended to show you how to be critical of the research you AREREVIEWING and how to check that the EVIDENCE is credible and represented appropriately. Unfortunately this means discussing the ways in which research findings may be misrepresented. 151. 3 blanks [LAM] It is tempting to try to prove that good looks win votes, and many academics have tried. The DIFFICULTY is that beauty is in the eye of the beholder, and you cannot behold a politician's face without a veil of extraneous prejudice getting in the way. Does George Bush possess a disarming grin, or a facetious SMIRK? It's hard to find anyone who can look at the president without assessing him politically as well as PHYSICALLY. 152. 4 blanks [3 ARE LAM] To qualify as a conservancy, a committee must define the conservancy’s boundary elect a representative conservancy committee, negotiate a legal constitution, prove the committee’s ability to manage funds, and produce an acceptable plan for EQUITABLE distribution of wildlife-related benefits. Once approved, registered conservancies acquire the RIGHTS to a sustainable wildlife QUOTA, set by the ministry. 153. Three degrees does not sound like much but it REPRESENTS a rise in temperature compatible with the global heating that occurred between the last ice age, some 15,000 years ago, and the warmth of the eighteenth century. When Earth was cold, giant glaciers sometimes extended from the polar-regions as far south as St Louis in the US and the Alps in Europe. Later this century when it is three degree hotter glaciers everywhere will be melting in a climate of often UNBEARABLE heat and drought, punctuated with storms and floods. The CONSEQUENCES for humanity could be truly horrific; if we fail to act swiftly, the full impact of global heating could cull us along with vast populations of the plant and animals with whom we share Earth. In a worst case scenario, there might - in the 22nd century - be only a remnant of humanity eking out a DIMINISHED existence in the polar-regions and the few remaining oases left on a hot and arid Earth. 154. 4 blanks [LAM] Of the more than 1,000 bat species worldwide, 22 are NATIVE to North America. And while there are no pollinator bats in our area, gardeners should CHAMPION those that do live here, because they’re insectivorous. These bats CONSUME moths, beetles and mosquitoes, and can eat up to 500 mosquito-sized insects per hour. They also protect gardens and crops from such PESTS as cucumber beetles, cutworms and leafhoppers. 155.5 blanks [4 ARE LAM] Legal deposit for printed books and papers has existed in English law since 1662. It helps to ensure that the nation’s published output (and thereby its INTELLECTUAL record and future published heritage) is collected systematically, and as comprehensively as possible, both in order to preserve the material for the use of future generations and to make it available for READERS within the designated legal deposit libraries. The legal deposit system also has BENEFITS for authors and publishers: ● Publications deposited with the British Library are made available to users in its various Reading Rooms, are PRESERVED for the benefit of future generations, and become part of the national heritage. ● Publications are RECORDED in the online catalogue, and will REMAIN an essential RESEARCH tool for generations to come. 156.5 blanks [LAM] The world’s atmosphere is forever on the move. Wind is air in motion. Sometimes air moves slowly, giving a gentle breeze. At other times it moves rapidly, creating gales and hurricanes. GENTLE or fierce, wind always starts in the same way. As the sun moves through the sky, it heats up some parts of the sea and land more than others. The air above these HOT spots is warmed, becomes lighter than the surrounding air, and begins to rise. Elsewhere, cool air sinks, because it is HEAVIER. Winds blow because air squeezed out by sinking, cold air is sucked in under rising, warm air. Winds will blow wherever there is a DIFFERENCE in air temperature and pressure, always flowing from high to low pressure. Some winds blow in one place, and have a local name – North America’s chinook and France’s mistral. Others are part of a huge circulation pattern that sends winds over the ENTIRE globe. 157.4 blanks [LAM] Over the last ten thousand years there seem to have been two separate and conflicting building sentiments throughout the history of towns and cities.261 ONE is the desire to start again, for a variety of reasons: an earthquake or a tidal wave may have demolished the settlement, or fire destroyed it, or the new city MARKS a new political beginning. The other can be likened to the effect of a magnet: established settlements attract people, who TEND TO come whether or not there is any planning for their arrival. The clash between these two sentiments is evident in every established city (UNLESS/whenever/whereas/until) its development has been almost completely accidental or is lost in history. Incidentally, many settlements have been planned from the beginning but, for a variety of reasons, no settlement followed the plan. A good example is Currowan, on the Clyde River in New South Wales, which WAS SURVEYED in the second half of the 19th century, in expectation that people would come to establish agriculture and a small port. But no one came. Most country towns in New South Wales started with an original survey, whose grid lines are still there today in the pattern of the original streets. 158.5 blanks [LAM] Genius, in the popular conception, is inextricably tied up with precocity—doing something truly creative, we’re inclined to think, requires the freshness and exuberance and energy of youth. Orson Welles made his masterpiece, “Citizen Kane,” at twenty-five. Herman Melville wrote a book a year THROUGH his latetwenties, culminating, at age thirty-two, with “Moby-Dick.” Mozart wrote his breakthrough Piano Concerto No. 9 in E-Flat-Major at the AGE of twenty-one. In some creative forms, like lyric poetry, the importance of precocity has hardened into an iron law. How old was T. S. Eliot when he wrote “The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock” (“I grow old . . . I grow old”)? Twenty-three. “Poets peak young,” the CREATIVITY researcher James Kaufman maintains. MihályCsíkszentmihályi, the author of “Flow,” agrees: “The most creative lyric verse is believed to be that written by the young.” According to the Harvard psychologist Howard Gardner, a leading AUTHORITY on creativity, “Lyric poetry is a domainwhere TALENT is discovered early, burns brightly, and then peters out at an early age.” 159. 4 Blanks: LAM Paris is very old—there has been a settlement there for at least 6000 years and its shape has been determined in part by the River Seine, and in part by the edicts of France‘s rulers. But the great boulevards we admire today are relatively new, and were constructed to prevent any more barricades BEING CREATED by the rebellious population; that work was carried out in the middle 19th century. The earlier Paris had been IN PART a maze of narrow streets and alleyways. But you can imagine that the work was not only highly expensive, but caused great distress among the half a million or so residents whose houses were SIMPLY razed, and whose neighbourhoods disappeared. What is done cannot usually be undone, especially when buildings are torn DOWN. 160.5 Blanks: LAM What is the significance of instinct in business? Does a reliable gut feeling separate winners from losers? And is it the most valuable emotional tool any entrepreneur can possess? My observations of successful company owners lead me to believe that a highly analytical attitude can be a drawback. At critical junctures in commercial life, risk-taking is more an ACT of faith than a carefully balanced choice. Frequently, such moments require DECISIVENESS and absolute conviction above all else. There is simply no time to wait for all the facts, or room for doubt. A computer program cannot tell you how to invent and launch a new PRODUCT. That journey involves too many unknowns, too much luck – and too much sheer intuition, rather than the infallible LOGIC that machines deliver so well. As Chekhov said: “An artist’s flair is sometimes worth a scientist’s brains” – entrepreneurs need right-brain thinking. When I have been considering whether to buy a company and what price to offer, I have been BLINDED too often by reams of due diligence from the accountants and lawyers. Usually it pays to stand back from such mountains of grey data and weigh up the really important issues – and decide how you feel about the opportunity. 161. Last year I was in Germany………(5 Blanks) Answers: TRIP, BEEN, CONNECTING, LAND, ANOTHER 162. 5 Blanks: LAM In The Origin of Species, Darwin provided abundant evidence that life on Earth has evolved over time, and he proposed natural selection as the primary mechanism for that change. He observed that individuals DIFFER in their inherited traits and that selection acts on such differences, leading to EVOLUTIONARY change. Although Darwin realised that variation in heritable traits is a prerequisite for EVOLUTION, he did not know precisely how organisms pass heritable traits to their offspring. Just a few years after Darwin published The Origin of Species, Gregor Mendel wrote a groundbreaking paper on inheritance in pea plants. IN that paper, Mendel proposed a model of inheritance in which organisms transmit discrete heritable units (now called genes) to their offspring. Although Darwin did not know about genes, Mendel's paper set the stage FOR understanding the genetic differences on which evolution is based. 163. 4 Blanks: LAM The environmental impact of the global textile industry is hard to overstate. One-third of the water used worldwide is spent fashioning fabrics. For every ton of cloth PRODUCED, 200 tons of water is polluted with chemicals and heavy metals. An estimated 1 trillion kilowatt-hours of electricity powers the factories that card and comb, spin and weave, and cut and stitch materials into everything from T-shirts to towels, LEAVING behind mountains of solid waste and a massive carbon footprint. "Where the industry is today is not really sustainable for the long term," says Shreyaskar Chaudhary, chief executive of PratibhaSyntex, a textile manufacturer based outside Indore, India. With something of an "if you build it, they will come" attitude, Mr. Chaudhary has steered PratibhaTOWARD the leading edge of eco-friendly textile production.Under his direction, Pratibha began making clothes with organic cotton in 1999. Initially, the company couldn't find enough organic farms growing cotton in central India TO SUPPLY its factories. To meet production demands, Chaudhary's team had to convince conventional cotton farmers to change their growing methods. Pratibha provided seeds, cultivation instruction, and a guarantee of fair-trade prices for THEIR crops. Today, Pratibha has a network of 28,000 organic cotton growers across the central states of Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra, and Orissa. 164. 4 blanks [LAM] People modify cultural ideas in their minds, and sometimes they pass on the modified versions. Inevitably, there are unintentional modifications as well, partly because of straightforward error, and partly because inexplicit ideas are hard to CONVEY accurately: there is no way to download them directly from one brain to another like computer programs. Even native speakers of a language will not give identical definitions of every word. So it can be only rarely, if EVER, that two people hold precisely the same cultural idea in their minds. That is why, when the founder of a political or philosophical movement or a religion dies, or EVEN BEFORE, schisms typically happen. The movement's most devoted followers are often shocked to DISCOVER that they disagree about what its doctrines ―really are. 165. 5 blanks LAM Great engineers have a passion to improve life; a burning conviction that they can make life better for everyone. Engineers need to have a talent for invention and innovation, but what DRIVES them is the conviction that they can find a better way to do things; a cheaper and more efficient solution to the problems of human existence on this planet of LIMITED resources that we call Earth. Many of us SPEND a lot of time complaining about the difficulties and problems of life. It is easy to find fault with things that make daily life arduous. For an engineer, these difficulties can be opportunities. How can this be made to work better? How can that process be made more efficient? How can COMPONENTS be made more cheaply, more accurately and more fit-for-purpose? Great engineers are convinced that everything can be IMPROVED. Instead of complaining, they think of ways to make things better. 166. In his FASCINATING book Carbon Detox, George Marshall argues that people are not persuaded by information(15). Our views are formed by the views of the people with whom we mix. Of the NARRATIVES that might penetrate these circles, we are more likely to listen to those which offer us some reward. A story which tells us that the world is cooking and that we’ll have to make sacrifices for the sake of future generations is less likely to be accepted than the more rewarding idea that climate change is a conspiracy hatched by scheming governments and venal scientists, and that strong, independent-minded people should unite to defend their freedoms. He proposes that instead of arguing for sacrifice, ENVIRONMENTALISTS should show where the rewards might lie: that understanding what the science is saying and planning accordingly is the smart thing to do, which will protect your interests more effectively than flinging abuse at scientists. We should emphasise the old-fashioned virtues of uniting in the face of a crisis, of resourcefulness and community action. Projects like the transition towns network and proposals for a green new deal tell a story which people are more willing to hear. 167. Stress is what you feel when you have to handle more than you are used to. When you are stressed, your body RESPONDS as though you are in danger. It makes HORMONES that speed up your heart, make you breathe faster, and give you a burst of energy. This is called the fight-or-flight stress response. Some stress is normal and even useful. Stress can help if you need to work hard or react quickly. For example, it can help you win a race or finish an IMPORTANT job on time. But if stress happens too often or lasts too long, it can have bad effects. It can be linked to headaches, an upset stomach, back pain, and trouble sleeping. It can weaken your immune system, making it harder to fight off DISEASE. If you already have a health problem, stress may make it worse. It can make you moody, tense, or depressed. Your relationships may suffer, and you may not do well at work or school. 168. An exotic type of diamond may have come to Earth from outer space, scientists say. Called carbonado or “black” diamonds, the MYSTERIOUS stones are found in Brazil and the Central African Republic. They are UNUSUAL for being the color of charcoal and full of frothy bubbles. The diamonds, which can weigh in at more than 3,600 carats, can also have a face that looks like melted glass. Because of their ODD appearance, the diamonds are UNSUITABLE as gemstones. But they do have industrial applications and were used in the drill bits that helped dig the Panama Canal.Now a team led by Stephen Haggerty of Florida International University in Miami has presented a new study SUGGESTING that the odd stones were brought to Earth by an asteroid billions of years ago. The findings were published online in the journal Astrophysical Journal Letters on December 20. The scientists exposed polished pieces of carbonado to extremely intense infrared light. The test revealed the presence of many hydrogen-carbon bonds, indicating that the diamonds PROBABLY formed in a hydrogen-rich environment—such as that found in space. The diamonds also showed strong similarities to tiny nanodiamonds, which are frequently found in meteorites. “They’re not IDENTICAL ,” Haggerty said, “but they’re very similar.” Astrophysicists, he added, have developed theories predicting that nanodiamonds form easily in the titanic stellar explosions called supernovas, which scatter debris through interstellar space. The deposits in the Central African Republic and Brazil, he said, PROBABLY come from the impact of a diamond-rich asteroid billions of years ago, when South America and Africa were joined. So even though the two diamond fields are now thousands of miles apart, they’re remnants of a single, original deposit. Haggerty estimated that the asteroid must have been about half a mile (one kilometer) in diameter. 169 . Plants and Animals are a Montreal-based indie rock trio that began playing together as kids. Touring arduously for about five years after their proper full-length debut in 2008, they pretty much made their records on the go until 2013. So the band’s decision to be slow, deliberate, and thorough on their latest offering. Waltzed In From The Rumbling, represents a major change of pace. Finally sleeping in their own beds while recording, the band assembled the album over the course of nine seasons. It’s a return to their origins, but it also pushes AUDACIOUSLY forward. The aesthetic varies wildly and wonderfully from track to track, each song having its own HERMETIC seal but somehow still melding cohesively as a body of work. Jangling guitars, drums leaning toward the off-kilter swing of J Dilla, found sounds, a hint of shoegaze, and unorthodox instrumentation come together to keep the ear constantly engaged with a feeling of constant evolution. They found an antique guiro next to a broken VCR and recorded both. They made an empty fridge sound like a timpani drum. They recorded gossip on a city bus. They brought in classical string flourishes. They sometimes left mistakes if they felt they were perfectly imperfect. It’s truly DIY, but with a fee; of big production value that makes the album soar. Contemplative lyrics anchor the album through all the exploratory WANDERING. The words are delivered melodically, belying their potency, but listening beyond the pretty aesthetic reveals piercing observations and an undeniable translation of feeling. The simplicity of the penetrating refrain on the three-part mini OPUS “Je VoulaisTe Dire” is a paragon of how the lyrics effortlessly cut through the instrumentation. Guitarist/vocalist Warren Spicer sings “It’s only love, but you want it bad,” encompassing how we try to avoid and downplay our desire for love and affection, but ultimately search and long for it anyway. 170. The space work for an astronaut can be inside or outside , inside they can monitor machines and the work is CARRIED out alongside the craft . they also need to make sure the SPACE. Travel outside the craft , they can see how the seeds react in the space. Some seeds company send seeds to them to INVESTIGATE how seeds change their biological character. whenOUTSIDE the craft , they can set up experiments or clean up the space rubbish. 171. Scientists make observations, have assumptions and do EXPERIMENT. After these have been done, he got his RESULTS. Then there are a lot of data from scientists. The scientists around the world have a PICTURE of world. 172. The Eiffel Tower was the tallest building in the world when it was completed in 1889. It was built for the World's Fair to DEMONSTRATE that iron could be as strong as stone while being infinitely lighter. And in fact the wrought-iron tower is twice as tall as the masonry Washington Monument and yet it weighs 70,000 tons less! It is repainted every seven years with 50 tons of dark brown paint. Called "the father of the skyscraper," the Home Insurance Building, CONSTRUCTED in Chicago in 1885 (and demolished in 1931), was 138 feet tall and 10 stories. It was the first building to effectively employ a supporting SKELETON of steel beams and columns, allowing it to have many more windows than traditional masonry structures. But this new construction method made people worry that the building would fall down, leading the city to halt construction until they could INVESTIGATE the structure's safety. In 1929, auto tycoon Walter Chrysler took part in an intense race with the Bank of Manhattan Trust Company to build the world's tallest skyscraper. Just when it looked like the bank had captured the COVETED title, workers at the Chrysler Building jacked a thin spire hidden inside the building through the top of the roof to win the contest (subsequently losing the title four months later to the Empire State Building). Chrysler also decorated his building to mirror his cars, with hubcaps, mudguards, and hood ornaments. 173. This illustration often used is the one that the monkey and the typewriters. OK, we have a monkey sitting at a TYPEWRITER and the claim here is basically if you leave chance in time long enough you will get life. Don’t worry about it, yes, it’s strange, yes it’s wonderful, but leaves enough matter 600 million years on earth and you will have life. So, the monkey sitting at the typewriter, the chances are eventually he produces the complete works of Shakespeare but he doesn’t manage to do it in 600 million years. So what I decide to do is to run the numbers. I instead of saying typing the complete work of Shakespeare. I just run the numbers for how long would it take a monkey typing one key STRIKER a second. To type “to be or not to be that is the question”, right? On average how long is it gonna take my monkey friend one KEYSTROKE a second. I don’t know how you think it would be. Maybe you could have a guess. Would it be less or more than 600 million years, which is the period life on earth isn’t supposed to have EMERGE within and when I run the numbers “to be or not to be is the question” takes 12.6 trillion trilliontrillion years to type just that PHRASE and a DNA STRING that something of that complexity emerges by chance undirected within 600 million years? Again, it's mathematically possible but it's so incredible unlikely that it would have that it tilts me in favor of the Christian story in which God creating life, simply a question of saying let that be and there was. 174. Stress — that tense feeling often connected to having too much to do, TOO MANY BILLS to pay and NOT ENOUGH time or money — is a common emotion that knows FEW BORDERS. About three-fourths of people in the United States, Australia, Canada, France, Germany, Italy, South Korea and Britain reported experiencing stress on a daily basis, according to AP-Ipsos polling. Anxious feelings were more INTENSE during the holidays. Germans feel stress more INTENSELY than those in other countries polled. People in the United States cited financial pressures as the top worry. About half the people polled in Britain said they frequently or SOMETIMES felt that life was beyond their control, the highest level in the 10 countries surveyed. 175. Gas drilling on the Indonesian island of Java has TRIGGERED a "mud volcano" that has killed 13 people and may render four square miles (ten square kilometers) of countryside uninhabitable for years. In a report released on January 23, a team of British researchers says the deadly upwelling began when an EXPLORATORY gas well punched through a layer of rock 9,300 feet (2,800 meters) below the surface, allowing hot, high-pressure water to ESCAPE. The water carried mud to the surface, where it has spread across a region 2.5 miles (4 kilometers) in DIAMETER in the eight months since the eruption began. The mud volcano is similar to a gusher or blowout, which occur in oil drilling when oil or gas squirt to the surface, the team says. This upwelling, however, spews out a volume of mud equivalent to a dozen Olympic swimming pools each day. Although the eruption isn't as violent as a CONVENTIONAL volcano, more than a dozen people died when a natural gas pipeline ruptured. The research team, who published their findings in the February issue of GSA Today, also estimate that the volcano, called Lusi, will leave more than 11,000 people permanently displaced. 176. Buying a HOUSE can be a daunting process, ... First you need to work out how much ... budget planner if you don't already have one. ... rate increases and for other UNFORESEEN EVENTS ....different ownership ratio to the normal 50/50. ... theORDINARY COURSE OF EVENTS, settlement takes .....group certificates for the PAST two years. 177. Serving on a jury is normally compulsory for individuals who are QUALIFIED for jury service. A jury is INTENDED to be an impartial panel capable of reaching a verdict. PROCEDURES and requirements may include a fluent understanding of the language and the opportunity to test jurors' neutrality or otherwise exclude jurors who are perceived as likely to be less than NEUTRAL or partial to one side. 178. Roads of rails called Wagonways were being used in Germany as EARLY as 1550. These PRIMITIVE railed roads consisted of wooden rails over which horse-drawn wagons or carts moved with greater ease than over dirt roads. Wagonways were the beginnings of modern railroads. BY 1776, iron had replaced the wood in the rails and wheels on the carts. Wagonways evolved into Tramways and spread throughout Europe. Horses still provided all the pulling power. In 1789, Englishman, William Jessup designed the first wagons with flanged wheels. The FLANGE was a groove that allowed the wheels to better grip the rail, this was an important design that carried over to later locomotives. 179. 5 blanks [LAM] Called Chomolungma ("goddess mother of the world") in Tibet and Sagarmatha ("goddess of the sky") in Nepal, Mount Everest once went by the pedestrian name of Peak XV among Westerners. That was before SURVEYORS established that it was the highest mountain on Earth, a fact that came as something of a surprise - Peak XV had seemed lost in the crowd of other formidable Himalayan peaks, many of which gave theILLUSIONof greater height. In 1852 the Great Trigonometrical Survey of India measured Everest's elevation as 29,002 feet above sea level. This figure remained the officially ACCEPTED height for more than one hundred years. In 1955 it was adjusted by a mere 26 feet to 29,028 (8,848 m). The mountain received its official name in 1865 in honor of Sir George Everest, the British Surveyor General from 1830-1843 who had mapped the Indian subcontinent. He had some RESERVATIONS about having his name bestowed on the peak, arguing that the mountain should retain its local appellation, the standard policy of geographical societies. Before the Survey of India, a number of other mountains ranked supreme in the eyes of the world. In the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, the Andean peak Chimborazo was considered the highest. At a relatively unremarkable 20,561 feet (6,310 m), it is in fact nowhere near the highest, SURPASSEDby about thirty other Andean peaks and several dozen in the Himalayas. In 1809, the Himalayan peak Dhaulagiri (26,810 ft.; 8,172 m) was declared the ultimate, only to be shunted aside in 1840 by Kanchenjunga (28,208 ft.; 8,598 m), which today ranks third. Everest's status has been unrivaled for the last century and a half, but not without a few threats. 180. 4 blanks [LAM] Walt Disney World has become a pilgrimage site partly because of the luminosity of its cross-cultural and marketing and partly because its UTOPIAN aspects appeal powerfully to real needs in the capitalist SOCIETY. Disney’s marketing is unique because it captured the symbolic essence of CHILDHOOD but the company has gained access to all public shows, comic books, dolls, apparels, and EDUCATIONAL film strips all point to the parks and each other. 181. In the southern cone especially, from Venezuela to Argentina, the region is rising to overthrow the legacy of external domination of the past centuries and the cruel and destructive social forms that they have helped to establish. The MECHANISMS of imperial control – violence and economic warfare, hardly a distant memory in Latin America – are losing their effectiveness, a sign of the shift toward independence. Washington is now compelled to tolerate governments that in the past would have drawn intervention or reprisal. Throughout the region a vibrant ARRAY of popular movements provide the basis for a meaningful democracy. The indigenous populations, as if in a rediscovery of their pre-Columbian legacy, are much more active and influential, particularly in Bolivia and Ecuador. These developments are in part the result of a phenomenon that has been observed for some years in Latin America: As the elected governments become more formally democratic, citizens EXPRESSED an increasing disillusionment with democratic institutions. They have sought to construct democratic systems based on popular participation rather than elite and foreign DOMINATION. 182. If you see a movie, or a TV advertisement, that involves a fluid behaving in an unusual way, it was probably made using technology based on the work of a Monash researcher. Professor Joseph Monaghan who pioneered an influential METHOD for interpreting the behaviour of liquids that underlies most special effects involving water has been HONOURED with election to the Australian Academy of Sciences. Professor Monaghan, one of only 17 members elected in 2011, was recognised for developing the method of Smoothed Particle Hydrodynamics (SPH) which has applications in the fields of astrophysics, engineering and physiology , as well as movie special effects. His research started in 1977 when he tried to use computer simulation to describe the formation of stars and stellar systems. The algorithms available at the time were INCAPABLE of describing the complicated systems that evolve out of chaotic clouds of gas in the galaxy. Professor Monaghan, and his colleague Bob Gingold, took the novel and effective approach of replacing the fluid or gas in the simulation with large numbers of particles with properties that MIMICKED those of the fluid. SPH has become a central tool in astrophysics, where it is currently used to simulate the evolution of the universe after the Big Bang, the formation of stars, and the processes of planet building. 183. The AESTHETIC varies wildly and wonderfully from track to track, each song having its own hermetic seal but somehow still melding COHESIVELY as a body of work. Jangling guitars, drums leaning toward the off-kilter swing of J Dilla, found sounds, a hint of shoegaze, and UNORTHODOX instrumentation come together to keep the ear constantly ENGAGED with a feeling of constant evolution. They found an antique guiro next to a broken VCR and recorded both. They made an empty fridge sound like a timpani drum. They recorded gossip on a city bus. They brought in classical string flourishes. They sometimes left mistakes if they felt they were perfectly imperfect. It’s truly DIY, but with a feel of big production value that makes the album soar. 184. The recipe for making any creature is written in its DNA. So last November, when geneticists published the near-complete DNA sequence of the long-extinct woolly mammoth, there was much speculation about whether we could bring this behemoth back to life. Creating a living, breathing creature from a genome sequence that exists only in a computer’s memory is not possible right now. But someone someday is sure to try it, PREDICTS Stephan Schuster, a MOLECULAR biologist at Pennsylvania State University, University Park, and a DRIVING force behind the mammoth genome project. 185. UWS graduates RachaAbboud and Anna Ford, whose story first appeared in GradLife in December 2009, have SUCCESSFULLY risen through the ranks to be APPOINTED Associates at leading western Sydney law firm, Coleman Greig Lawyers. The promotion marks the CULMINATION of many years of hard work for these legal EAGLES who are the first to rise to this LEVEL from the firm’s Cadet Lawyer program with UWS 186. 3 blanks [LAM] Joseph Engelberger, a pioneer in industrial robotics, once remarked "I can't DEFINE a robot, but I know one when I see one." If you consider all the different MACHINES people call robots, you can see that it's nearly impossible to come up with a COMPREHENSIVE definition. Everybody has a different idea of what constitutes a robot. 187. No two siblings are the same, not even IDENTICAL twins. Parents often PUZZLE about why their children are so different from one another. They'll say, 'I brought them l up all the same.' They forget that what DETERMINES our behaviour isn't what happens to us but how we interpret what happens to us, and no two people ever see anything in exactly the same way. 188. This summer, 41 UBC alumni and friends participated in expeditions to the Canadian Arctic and the legendary Northwest Passage. Presentations, conversations and learning accompanied their exploration of the great OUTDOORS aboard the Russian-flagged AkademikIoffe, designed and built in Finland as a scientific research vessel in 1989. Her bridge was open to passengers virtually 24 hours a day. Experts on BOARD presented on topics including climate change, wildlife, Inuit culture and history, and early European explorers. UBC professor Michael Byers (see page 28) presented on the issue of Arctic sovereignty, a GROWING cause of debate as ice melts, new shipping routes open, and natural resources BECOME accessible. Recommended pre-trip reading was late UBC alumnus Pierre Berton’s book, The Arctic Grail. 189. Before effective anaesthetics, surgery was very crude and very painful.Before 1800 alcohol and opium had LITTLE success in easing pain during operations. Laughing gas was used in 1844 in dentistry in the USA, but failed to ease all pain and patients REMAINEDconscious.Ether (used from 1846) made patients totally unconscious and lasted a long time. However, it could make patients cough during operations and sick afterwards. It was highly flammable and was TRANSPORTED in heavy glass bottles.Chloroform (used from 1847) was very effective with few side effects. However, it was difficult to get the dose right and could kill some people BECAUSE OF the effect on their heart. An inhaler helped to regulate the dosage. 190. 5 blanks [LAM] Promoting good customer service must start at the top. If management doesn't realise how important this ASPECT of their business is, they will be at an instant DISADVANTAGE in their industry. Good customer response EQUATES to loyal customers, which are the cornerstone of any successful business. No matter how much money you invest in your MARKETING, if you don't have the fundamental elements of your business right, it'sWASTED money. 191. 4 blanks [LAM] Music was as important to the ancient Egyptians as it is in our modern society. Although it is thought that music played a ROLE throughout the history of Egypt, those that STUDY the Egyptian writings have discovered that music seemed to become more important in what is called the ‘pharaonic’ PERIOD of their history. This was the time when the Egyptian dynasties of the pharaohs were established (around 3100 BCE) and music was FOUND IN many parts of every day Egyptian life. 192. 3 blanks [LAM] With the increase in women's PARTICIPATION in the labour force, many mothers have less time available to undertake domestic activities. At the same time, there has been increasing recognition that the father's role and RELATIONSHIP with a child is important. A father can have many ROLES in the family, ranging from income provider to teacher, carer, playmate and role model. Therefore, balancing paid work and family responsibilities can be an important issue for both fathers and mothers in families. 193. 4 blanks [LAM] Most important of all is the fact that for each new ballet-pantomime created at the Paris Opera during the July Monarchy, a new score was produced. The reason for this is simple: these ballet-pantomimes told stories—elaborate ones—and music was considered an indispensable tool in getting them across to the audience.THEREFORE, music had to be newly created to fit each story. Music tailor-made for each new ballet-pantomime, however, was only one weapon in the Opera’s explanatory arsenal. ANOTHER was the ballet-pantomime libretto, a printed booklet of fifteen to forty pages in length, which was sold in the Opera’s lobby (like the opera libretto), and which laid out the plot in painstaking detail, scene by scene. Critics also took it upon themselves to recount the plots (of both ballet-pantomimes and operas) in their REVIEWS of premieres. So did the publishers of souvenir albums, which also featured pictures of famous PERFORMERS and of scenes from favorite ballet-pantomimes and operas. 194. 4 blanks [LAM] Reading is an active process, not a PASSIVE one. We always read within a SPECIFIC context, and this affects what we notice and what seems to matter. We always have a purpose in reading a text, and this will shape how we APPROACH it. Our purpose and background knowledge will also DETERMINE the strategies we use to read the text. 195. Dictatorship is not a modern concept. Two thousand years ago, during the period of the Roman Republic, exceptional powers were sometimes given by the Senate to INDIVIDUAL dictators such as Sulla and Julius Caesar. The INTENTION was that the dictatorship would be temporary and that it would make it POSSIBLE to take swift and effective action to deal with an emergency. There is some DISAGREEMENT as to how the term should be applied today. Should it be used in its original form to describe the temporary exercise of emergency powers? Or can it now be APPLIED in a much broader sense – as common usage suggests? 196. ( 2nd May) Bees need two different kinds of food. One is honey made from nectar, which actually is a fluid that is collected in the heart of the flowers to ENCOURAGE pollination by insects and other animals. Secondly, come from pollen, it is fine powdery substance in yellow, consisting of microscopic grains STORED from the male part of a flower or from a male cone. It contains a male gamete that can fertilize the female ovule, which is TRANSFERRED by wind, insects or other animals. Let us go with the honeybee from her flower to the hive and see what happens. Most bees gather only pollen or nectar. As she sucks the nectar from the flower, it is STORED in her special honey stomach ready to be transferred to the honey- making bees in the live. 197. 5 blanks [LAM] Wind is air moving around. Some winds can move as fast AS a racing car, over 100 miles an HOUR. Winds can travel around the world. Wind CAN make you feel cold because you lose heat from your body FASTER when it is windy. Weather forecasters need to KNOW the speed and direction of the wind. The strength of wind is measured using the Beaufort scale from wind force when there is no wind, to wind force 12 which can damage houses and buildings and is called hurricane force. 198. 4 blanks [LAM] About 10,000 years ago, people learned how to make cloth. Wool, cotton, flax, or hemp was first spun into a thin thread, using a spindle. The thread was then woven into a fabric. The earliest weaving machines PROBABLY consisted of little more than a pair of sticks that held a set of parallel threads, called the wrap, while the cross-thread, called the weft, was inserted. Later machines called looms had roads that separated the threads to allow the weft to be inserted more EASILY. A piece of wood, called the shuttle, holding a spool of thread, was passed between the separated threads. The basic PRINCIPLES of spinning and weaving have stayed the same until the present day, though during the industrial revolution of the 18th century many ways were found of AUTOMATING the processes. With new machines such as the spinning mule, many threads could be spun at the same time, and, with the help of devices like the flying shuttle, broad pieces of cloth could be woven at great speed. 199. 4 blanks [LAM] Recently, research into embryonic development has given us an even better insight into how major structural changes might occur in a given population of organisms. We now understand that there are two major types of genes: developmental and “housekeeping” genes. Developmental genes are those that are expressed during embryonic development, and their proteins CONTROL the symmetry, skeletal development, organ placement, and overall form of the developing animal. INCONTRAST, “housekeeping” genes are expressed during the animal’s daily life to generate proteins which keep the cells, tissues, and organs in the body functioning properly. AS you might suspect, mutations in developmental genes can have radical consequences for body form and function, whereas mutations in “housekeeping” genes tend to AFFECT the health and reproductive success of the post-embryonic animal. 200. 4 blanks [LAM] Seminars are not designed to be mini-lectures. Their educational ROLE is to provide an opportunity for you to discuss interesting and/or difficult aspects of the course. This is founded on the ASSUMPTION that it is only by actively trying to use the knowledge that you have acquired from lectures and texts that you can achieve an adequate understanding of the subject. If you do not understand a point it is highly UNLIKELY that you will be the only person in the group in that position; you will invariably be undertaking a SERVICE for the entire group if you come to the seminar equipped with questions on matters which you feel you did not fully understand. 201. 4 BLANKS [3 LAM] David Lynch is professor and head of education at Charles Darwin University. PRIOR to this he was sub dean in the Faculty of Education and Creative Arts at Central Queensland University and foundation head of the University’s Noosa CAMPUS. David’s career in education began as a primary school teacher in Queensland in the early 1980’s and PROGRESSED to four principal positions. David’s research interests predominate in teacher education with particular interest in building teacher capability to meet a changed world. 202. 4 BLANKS [3 LAM] A herbal is a book of plants, describing their appearance, their properties and how they may be used for preparing ointments and medicines. The medical use of plants is RECORDED on fragments of papyrus and clay tablets from ancient Egypt, Samaria and China that date back 5,000 years but document traditions far older still. Over 700 herbal remedies were detailed in the Papyrus Ebers, an Egyptian text written in 1500 BC. Around 65 BC, a Greek physician called Dioscorides wrote a herbal that was TRANSLATED into Latin and Arabic. Known as ‘De materiamedica’, it became the most influential work on medicinal plants in both Christian and Islamic worlds until the late 17th century. An illustrated manuscript copy of the text made in Constantinople (modern-day Istanbul) survives from the sixth century. The first printed herbals date from the dawn of European printing in the 1480s. They provided valuable information for apothecaries, whose job it was to make the pills and potions PRESCRIBED by physicians. 203. It is important to EMPHASISE the need for hard work as an essential part of studying law, because far too many students are tempted to think that they can succeed by relying on what they imagine to be their natural ability, without bothering to add the expenditure of effort. To take an analogy, some people prefer the more or less instant GRATIFICATION which comes from watching television adaptation of a classic novel to the rather more LABORIOUS process of reading the novel itself. Those who PREFER watching television to reading the book are less likely to study law successfully, unless they rapidly acquire a TASTE for text-based materials. 204. Leadership is all about being granted permission by others to lead their thinking. It is a bestowed moral authority that gives the right to organise and direct the efforts of others. But moral authority does not come from simply managing people effectively or communicating better or being able to motivate. It comes from many SOURCES, including being authentic and genuine, having integrity, and showing a real and deep understanding of the business in question. All these FACTORS build confidence. Leaders lose moral authority for three reasons: they behave UNETHICALLY; they become plagued by self-doubt and lose their conviction; or they are blinded by power, lose self-awareness and thus lose CONNECTION with those they lead as the context around them changes. Having said all this, it has to be assumed that if someone becomes a leader, at some point they understood the difference between right and wrong. It is up to them to ABIDE by a moral code and up to us to ensure that the moment we suspect they do not, we fire them or vote them out. 205. The rest of the universe appears to be made of a mysterious, invisible SUBSTANCE called dark matter (25 percent) and a force that repels gravity known as dark energy (70 percent). Scientists have not yet OBSERVED dark matter directly. It doesn't interact with baryonic matter and it's completely invisible to light and other forms of electromagnetic radiation, making dark matter impossible to detect with current instruments. But scientists are confident it exists because of the gravitational effects it appears to have on galaxies and galaxy clusters. 206. For many first-year students, the University may be their first experience living away from home for an extended period of time. It is a definite break from home. In my point of view this is the best thing that you can do. I know you have to fend for yourself, cook and clean after yourself, basically look after yourself without your parents but the truth is – some time in your life you are going to have to part with lovely Mummy and Daddy. But they are only just a phone call away and it is really good to have some QUALITY TIME without them. The first few weeks can be a lonely period. There may be concerns about forming friendship. When new students look around, it may seem that everyone else is self-confident and socially successful! The reality is that everyone is having the same concerns. Increased personal freedom can feel both wonderful and frightening. Students can come and go as they choose with no one to “hassle” them. The strange environment with new kinds of procedures and new people can create the sense of being on an emotional roller coaster. This is normal and to be expected. You meet so many more people in the halls than if you stayed at home. The main points about living away from home are: NO PARENTS! You don’t have to tell them where you’re going, who you’re going with, what time you’ll be coming, why you’re going etc. 207. C. S. Lewis, or Jack Lewis, as he preferred to be called, was born in Belfast, Ireland (now Northern Ireland) on November 29, 1898. He was the second son of Albert Lewis, a lawyer, and Flora Hamilton Lewis. His older brother, Warren Hamilton Lewis, who was known as Warnie, had been born three years EARLIER in 1895. Lewis’s early childhood was relatively happy and carefree. In those days Northern Ireland was not yet PLAGUED by bitter civil strife, and the Lewises were comfortably off. The family home, called Little Lea, was a large, gabled house with dark, narrow passages and an overgrown garden, which Warnie and Jack played in and EXPLORED together. There was also a library that was crammed with books—two of Jack’s favorites were Treasure Island by Robert Louis Stevenson and The Secret Garden by Frances Hodgson Burnett. This somewhat idyllic boyhood came to an end for Lewis when his mother became ill and died of cancer in 1908. Barely a month after her death the two boys were sent away from home to go to boarding school in England. Lewis hated the school, with its strict rules and hard, UNSYMPATHETIC headmaster, and he missed Belfast terribly. Fortunately for him, the school closed in 1910, and he was able to return to Ireland. After a year, however, he was sent back to England to study. This time, the EXPERIENCE proved to be mostly positive. As a teenager, Lewis learned to love poetry, especially the works of Virgil and Homer. He also developed an interest in modern languages, mastering French, German, and Italian. 208. The exponential growth of the internet was HERALDED, in the 1990s, as revolutionizing the production and DISSEMINATION of information. Some people saw the internet as a means of DEMOCRATIZING access to knowledge. For people CONCERNED with African development, it seemed to offer the possibility of LEAPFROGGING over the technology gap that separates Africa from advanced industrialized countries. 209. Now that doesn’t mean that plainness is the only good style, or that you should become a SLAVE to spare, unadorned writing. Formality and ornateness have their place, and in competent hands complexity can carry us on a dizzying, breathtaking journey. But most students, most of the time, should strive to be sensibly simple, to develop a baseline style of short words, active a verbs, and relatively simple sentences CONVEYING clear actions or identities. It’s faster, it makes arguments easier to follow, it increases the chances a busy reader will bother to pay attention, and it lets you FOCUS more attention on your moments of rhetorical flourish, which I do not advise abandoning altogether (see the upcoming section on rhetoric). 210. Japan learned knowledge from China; ANSWERS: halted, explored, adapted 211. 4 blanks Timing is important for revision. Have you noticed that during the school day you get times when you just don't care any longer? I don't mean the lessons you don't like, but the ones you find usually find OK, but on some occasions you just can't be bothered with it. You may have other THINGS on your mind, be tired, restless, or looking forward to what comes next. Whatever the reason, that particular lesson doesn't get 100 percent EFFORT from you. The same is true of revision. Your mental and physical attitude are IMPORTANT. If you try to revise when you are tired or totally occupied with something else, your revision will be inefficient and just about worthless. If you approach it feeling fresh, alert and happy, it will be so much easier and you will learn more, faster. However, if you make no plans and just slip in a little bit of revision when you feel like it, you probably wont do much revision! You need a revision timetable so you don't keep PUTTING IT OFF. 212. 4 blanks [LAM] Distance learning can be highly beneficial to a large variety of people from young students wanting to expand their horizons to adults looking for more job security. With programs that allow learners of all ages to take courses for fun, personal advancement and degrees, distance learning can meet the NEEDS of a diverse population. Perhaps one of the most notable and often talked about ADVANTAGES of distance learning is the flexibility. The majority of programs allow students to learn when and where it’s convenient for them. For THOSE who are struggling to balance their distance learning goals with working a full-time job and taking care of a family, this kind of flexibility can allow many people to pursue education who would not otherwise be able to do so. SINCE there are no on-campus courses to attend, students can learn from their own homes, at work on their lunch breaks and from virtually anywhere with internet access. For some, it can even be a big source of savings on the fuel costs and time required to commute to classes. 213. 4 blanks [LAM] Developing computational thinking helps students to better understand the world around them. Many of us happily drive a car without UNDERSTANDING what goes on under the bonnet. So is it necessary for children to LEARN how to program computers? After all, some experts say coding is one of the human skills that will become obsolete as artificial intelligence grows. Nevertheless, governments believe coding is an essential skill. Since 2014, the principles of computer programming HAVE FEATURED on England’s curriculum for children from the age of five or six, when they start primary school. While not all children will become programmers, Mark Martin, a computing teacher at Sydenham High School, London, argues that they should learn to understand what MAKES computers work and try to solve problems as a computer might. 214. 4 blanks [LAM] Since the last papal reform, several proposals have been OFFERED to make the Western calendar more useful or REGULAR. Very few reforms, such as the rather different decimal French Republican and Soviet calendars, had gained official ACCEPTANCE, but each was put out of use shortly after its introduction. 215. 4 blanks [LAM] The Petrified Forest is home to some of the most impressive fossils ever found and more are being discovered each year as continuing erosion is EXPOSING new evidence. Fossils found here show the Forest was once a tropical region, FILLED with towering trees and extraordinary creatures. More than 150 different species of fossilized plants have been discovered by paleontologists and evidence INDICATING ancient native people who inhabited this region about 10,000 years ago have been CONFIRMED by archeologists. 216. 4 blanks [LAM] To learn the speech of alchemy, an early form of chemistry in which people attempted to turn metals into gold, it helps to think back to a time when there was no science: no atomic number or weight, no periodic chart, no list of elements. To the ALCHEMISTS the universe was not made of leptons, bosons, gluons, and quarks. Instead it was made of substances, and one substance-say, walnut oil-could be just as PURE as another-say, silver-even though modern CHEMISTRY would say one is heterogeneous and the other homogeneous. Without knowledge of atomic structures-how would it be POSSIBLE to tell elements from compounds? 217. 4 blanks [2 LAM] [couldn’t find the 2nd paragraph] Interior design is a professionally conducted, practice-based process of planning and realization of interior spaces and the elements within. Interior design is CONCERNED with the function and operation of the space, its safety and efficiency, its aesthetics and its sustainability. The work of an interior designer draws upon many other DISCIPLINES, such as environmental psychology, architecture, product design and , aesthetics, in relation to a wide range of building spaces including hotels, corporate and public spaces, schools, hospitals, private residences, shopping malls, restaurants, theaters and airport terminals. 218. 3 blanks: LAM {Drag and drop} The stock of Australia's dwellings is EVOLVING, with current homes having more bedrooms on average than homes ten years ago. At the same time, households are getting smaller on average with decreasing proportions of couple families with children and INCREASING couple only and lone person households. This article EXAMINES the changes in household size and number of bedrooms from 1994–95 to 2003–04. 219. 4 blanks [LAM] The narrative of law and order is located fundamentally at the level of individual guilt and responsibility. Criminal acts are seen as individual issues of personal responsibility and CULPABILITY, to which the state responds by way of policing, PROSECUTION, adjudication and punishment. This is but one LEVEL at which crime and criminal justice can be analysed. The problem is that so often analysis ends there, at the level of individual action, CHARACTERISED in terms of responsibility, guilt, evil. 220. 4 blanks [LAM] Psychology as a subject of study has largely developed in the West, since the late nineteenth century. During this period there has been an emphasis on scientific thinking. Because of this emphasis, there have been many scientific studies in psychology which EXPLORE different aspects of human nature. These include studies into how biology(physical factors) influence human experience, how people use their SENSES (touch, taste, smell, sight and hearing) to get to know the world, how people develop, why people behave in certain ways, how memory works, how people develop language, how people UNDERSTAND and think about the world, what motivates people, why people have emotions and how personality develops. These scientific INVESTIGATIONS all contribute to an understanding of human nature. 221. 5 blanks [LAM] Climate is the word we USE for weather over a long period of time. The desert has a dry climate, because there is very LITTLE rain. The UK has a 'temperate climate' WHICH means winters are, overall, mild AND summers, generally, don't get too hot. 222. 4 blanks [3 ARE LAM] We now know through the work of neuroscientists that the human brain is wired to mimic other people, and this mimicry involves actual involuntary, physiological experience in the observer. Human beings TEND TO imitate actions that they see. Physiologically, our brains include mirror neurons, which REACT to actions that are seen as if we are doing the action ourselves. It is largely an unconscious and automatic experience. When we hear people speak, observe their vocal NUANCES, watch their posture, gestures, and facial expressions, etc., neural networks in our brains are stimulated by the “shared representations,” generating feelings within us that REFLECT the EXPERIENCE of those we are observing. 223. 4 blanks [LAM] Opportunity cost incorporates the notion of scarcity: No matter what we do, there is always a trade-off. We must trade off one thing for another because resources are limited and can be used in different ways. BY ACQUIRING SOMETHING, we use up resources that could have been used to acquire something else. The NOTION of opportunity cost allows us to measure this trade-off. The opportunity cost of something is what you sacrifice to get it. Most decisions INVOLVE several alternatives. For example, if you spend an hour studying for an economics exam, you have one less hour to pursue other activities. To determine the opportunity cost of an activity, we look at what you consider the best of these “other” activities. For example, suppose the ALTERNATIVES to studying economics are studying for a history exam or working in a job that pays $10 per hour. If you consider studying for history a better use of your time than working, then the opportunity cost of studying economics is the 4 extra points you could have received on a history exam if you studied history instead of economics. Alternatively, if working is the best alternative, the opportunity cost of studying economics is the $10 you could have earned instead. 224. 4 blanks [3 ARE LAM] The overall result of two or MORE forces acting on an object is called the resultant force. The resultant of two forces is a single force, which has the same effect as the two forces combined.If two forces pull an object in OPPOSITE directions, the size of the resultant can be found by subtracting one force form the other. If the forces are EQUAL, they balance each other. 225. 3 blanks [LAM] Differential rates of price change can also shape consumption patterns. To SATISFY their needs and wants, consumers sometimes choose to SUBSTITUTE spending on a particular product or service with spending on an alternative product or service in response to a RELATIVE price movement of the items. All other factors being equal, consumption expenditure volumes would be expected to rise more strongly on spending options subject to lower rates of price inflation. 226. 4 blanks [2 ARE LAM] The logic of the scientific method was set out by John Stuart Mill in 1843, and was named the method of difference. A simple example of what he meant by this is to take two glasses of water which are IDENTICAL in every respect. Introduce a few drops of ink into one of these glasses. The water changes colour! According to Mill's method of difference it is safe to assume that the change in the colour of the water is due to the INTRODUCTION of a new factor - the independent variable - in this case, the ink. 227. 5 blanks [3 ARE LAM] Exposure to gun violence makes adolescents twice as LIKELY to perpetrate serious violence in the next two years, according to a University of Michigan STUDY. Researchers found there is a substantial cause and EFFECT relationship between exposure and perpetration of violence. Jeffrey B. Bingenheimer, a doctoral student in health behavior and health education, analyzed five years of data from adolescents living in 78 neighborhoods in Chicago. Bingenheimer is lead author on a paper in this week's journal Science. 228. 4 blanks [2 ARE LAM] Attempts to apply psychological theories to education can falter on the translation of the theory, Therefore, set 229. 5 blanks LAM A new interdisciplinary centre for the study of the frontiers of the universe, from the tiniest subatomic particle to the largest chain of galaxies, has been formed at The University of Texas at Austin. The Texas Cosmology Center will be a way for the university's departments of Astronomy and Physics to COLLABORATE on research that concerns them both. "This centre will bring the two departments together in an area where they OVERLAP--in the physics of the very early universe," said Dr. Neal Evans, Astronomy Department chair. Astronomical observations have revealed the presence of dark matter and dark energy, DISCOVERIES that challenge our knowledge of fundamental physics. And today's leading theories in physics INVOLVE energies so high that no Earth-bound particle accelerator can test them. They need the universe as their LABORATORY. Dr. Steven Weinberg, Nobel laureate and professor of physics at the university, called the Centre's advent "a very exciting development" for that department. 230. 5 blanks LAM The foreign policy of a state, it is often argued, begins and ends with the border. No doubt an exaggeration, this aphorism nevertheless has an ELEMENT of truth. A state's relation with its neighbours, at least in the FORMATIVE years, are greatly INFLUENCED by its frontier policy, especially when there are no SETTLED borders. Empire builders in the past sought to extend imperial frontiers for a variety of reasons; subjugation of kings and princes to gain their allegiance (as well as handsome tributes for the coffers of the state), and, security of the 'core' of the empire from external attacks by establishing a string of buffer states in areas ADJOINING the frontiers. The history of British empire in India was no different. It is important to note in this connection that the concept of international boundaries (between two sovereign states), demarcated and delineated, was yet to emerge in India under Mughal rule. 231. 5 Blanks: LAM Film is where art meets commerce. AS Orson Welles said: "A painter just needs a brush and the writer just needs a pen, but the producer needs an army." And an army needs money. A producer is just like an entrepreneur, we RAISE money to make films. First we need to find an original idea or a book or a play and purchase the rights, then we need money to develop that idea often a reasonably small sum. BESIDES, to commission a writer for the screenplay isn't something you would want to gamble your own money on, so you find a partner. We are lucky here in the UK, as we have Film4, BBC Films and the UK Film Council, all of THESE are good places to develop an idea. Producing in Britain is very different to producing in America or EVEN Europe because the economic dynamic is different. 232. 4 Blanks: LAM Team Lab’s digital mural at the entrance to Tokyo’s Skytree, one of the world’s monster skyscrapers, is 40 metres long and immensely detailed. But HOWEVER massive this form of digital art becomes — and it’s a form subject to rampant inflation — Inoko’s theories about seeing are based on more modest and often pre-digital sources. An early devotee of comic books and cartoons (no surprises there), then computer games, he recognised when he started to look at traditional Japanese art that all those forms had something IN COMMON: something about the way they captured space. In his discipline of physics, Inoko had been taught that photographic lenses, ALONG WITH the conventions of western art, were the logical way of transforming three dimensions into two, conveying the real world on to a flat surface. BUT Japanese traditions employed “a different spatial logic”, as he said in an interview last year with j-collabo.org, that is “uniquely Japanese”. 233. 4 Blanks: 3 LAM (Not the whole passage) Life expectancy at birth is one of the most widely used and internationally recognised indicators of population health. It focuses on the length of life RATHER than its quality, and provides a useful summary of the general health of the population. While an indicator describing how long Australians live that simultaneously takes into account quality of life would be a desirable summary measure of progress in the area, currently no such measure exists and this is why life expectancy at birth is used as the Main Progress Indicator here. During the decade 1999 to 2009, life expectancy at birth improved for both sexes. A girl born in 2009 could expect to reach 83.9 years of age, WHILE a boy could expect to live to 79.3 years. Over the decade, boys' life expectancy increased SLIGHTLY more than girls' (3.1 compared with 2.1 years). This saw the gap between the sexes' life expectancy decrease by one year to 4.6 years. In the longer term, increases in life expectancy also occurred over most of the 20th century. Unfortunately life expectancy isn't shared across the whole population though, being lower in Tasmania and the Northern Territory, and for Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander peoples. 234.4 Blanks: 2 LAM Nutrition scientists are constantly making new discoveries. For this reason, we need to revise.. RECOMMENDATION, INTERMINGLE 235. Books and articles highlighting intractable debt, poverty and development abound in both the academic and popular literature. This addition to the debate is both timely and interesting AS it subsumes the economic debate to the broader social, political, environmental and institutional context of debt in developing countries. Debt-for-Development Exchanges: History and New Applications is INTENDED for a wide audience including: academics from a range of disciplines (including accounting and finance); non-Government organisations (NGOs); civil society groups; and, both debtor and creditor governments and public sector organization. Professor Ross Buckley, author and editor, HAS DEVELOPED an international profile in the area of debt relief and this book is the outcome of an Australian Research Council (ARC) Discovery grant to explore debt-for development mechanisms that relieve debt, improve development outcomes FROM aid, are practically and politically attractive to creditors and CONTRIBUTE to regional security. 236. It is commonly said by anthropologists that the primitive man is less individual than civilized man. This is an element of truth. Simpler societies call for, and provide opportunities for, a far SMALLER diversity of individual skills and occupations than the more complex and ADVANCED societies, and as a result those who live in those societies are LESS individual. In this sense, individualism is a necessary product of modern advanced society, and runs through all its activities. 237. 4 Blanks [ 3 ARE LAM] It would be reassuring to think that the electorate choose who to vote for based on the candidates’ track records and future policy promises. IN TRUTH, many of us are swayed simply by the way that politicians look. Consider a 2009 study that asked Swiss students to look at multiple pairs of unfamiliar French political candidates and in each case to select the one who looked most competent. Most of the time, the candidate selected by students AS looking the most competent was also the one who’d had real life electoral success, the implication being that voters too had been swayed by the candidates’ appearance (there’s little evidence that appearance and competence actually CORRELATE). Unsurprisingly, being attractive also helps win votes, especially in war time (in peace time, looking trustworthy is more of an advantage). Other research has shown that we’re more likely to vote for male and female candidates with deeper voices. 238. Scientists preparing for NASA's proposed Jupiter Icy Moons Orbiter believe that Jupiter's moons Europa may be a corrosive mixture of acid and peroxide. Thus, it may not be the IDEAL place for life to exist as was thought possibly to be the case. VIRTUALLY all the information we have about Europa comes from the spacecraft Galileo, which completed its mission to study Jupiter and its moons close up before NASA dramatically crashed it into Jupiter in 2003. ALTHOUGH the general perception of Europa is of a frozen crust of water ice harbouring a salty subterranean ocean kilometres below, researchers studying the most RECENT measurements say light reflected from the moon's icy surface bears the spectral fingerprints of hydrogen peroxide and strong acids. HOWEVER they accept that it could just be a thin surface dusting and might not come from the ocean below. 239. Comparing the intelligence of animals of different species is difficult, how do you compare a dolphin and a horse? Psychologists have a technique for looking at intelligence that DOES not require the cooperation of the animal involved. The relative size of an individual's brain is a reasonable indication of intelligence. Comparing ACROSS species is not as simple an elephant will have a larger brain than a human simple because it is a large beast. INSTEAD we use the Cephalization index, which compare the size of an animal's brain to the size of its body. Based on the Cephalization index, the brightest animals on the planet are humans, FOLLOWED by great apes, porpoises and elephants. As a general RULE animals that hunt for a living (like canines) are smarter than strict vegetarians (you don't need much intelligence to outsmart a leaf of lettuce). Animals that live in social groups are always smarter and have large EQ's than solitary animals. 240. If after years of Spanish classes, some people still find it impossible to understand some native speakers, they should not worry. This does not NECESSARILY mean the lessons were wasted. Millions of Spanish speakers use neither standard Latin American Spanish nor Castilian, which predominate in U.S. schools. The confusion is partly political-the Spanish-speaking world is very diverse. Spanish is the language of 19 separate countries and Puerto Rico. This means that there is no one standard dialect. The most common Spanish dialect taught in the U.S. is standard Latin American. It is sometimes called "Highland" Spanish since it is generally spoken in the MOUNTAINOUS areas of Latin America. While each country retains its own ACCENTS and has some unique vocabulary, residents of countries such as Mexico, Colombia, Peru, and Bolivia generally speak Latin American Spanish, especially in urban centers. This dialect is noted for its PRONUNCIATION of each letter and its strong "r" sounds. This Spanish was spoken in Spain in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries, and was brought to the Americas by the early colonists. However, the Spanish of Madrid and of northern Spain, called Castilian, developed CHARACTERISTICS that never reached the New World. These include the pronunciation of "ci" and "ce" as "th." In Madrid, "gracias" (thank you) becomes "gratheas" (as opposed to "gras-see-as" in Latin America.) Another difference is the use of the word "vosotros" (you all, or you guys) as the informal form of "ustedes" in Spain. Castilian sounds to Latin Americans much like British English sounds to U.S. residents. 241. After an absence of more than 50 years, the gray wolf (Canis lupus) once again runs beneath the night skies of Yellowstone National Park. At 3:45 pm on March 21st 1995, the first of three groups of gray wolves (also known as the timber wolf) were released from FENCED acclimation pens at Crystal Creek within Yellowstone National Park. The wolf release plan, INVOLVED in an environmental impact statement (EIS) in 1992-1994, is to restore wolves to Yellowstone and central Idaho by establishing experimental populations of gray wolves in both areas. The goal for Yellowstone is to establish 10 packs wolves reproducing in the area for three CONSECUTIVE years by the year 2002. Restoring wolves to Yellowstone is in keeping with national park goals to perpetuate all native species and their natural interactions with their environment. As with other park wildlife programs, management emphasizes MINIMIZING human impact on natural animal population dynamics. Yellowstone National Park is a wilderness and wildlife refuge in the United States. 242. Everybody needs fresh water. WITHOUT water people, animals & plants cannot live. Although a few plants and animals can make do with saltwater, all humans need a constant supply of fresh water to stay FIT& healthy. Of the total supply of water on the Earth, only about 3% of it is fresh, & most of that is stored as ice & snow at the poles, or is so DEEP under the surface of the Earth that we cannot get to it. Despite so much of the water being out of reach, we still have a million cubic miles of it that we CAN use. That's about 4,300,000 cubic kilometers of freshwater to share out between most of the plants, animals & people on the planet! 243. Look at the recent ―Most Respected Companies‖ survey by the Financial Times. Who are the most respected companies and business leaders at the CURRENT time? Rather predictably, they are Jack Weich and General Electric, and Bill Gates, and Microsoft BOTH have achieved their world class status through playing nice. Wetch is still remembered for the brutal downsizing he led his business THROUGH and for the environmental pollution incidents and prosecutions. Microsoft has had one of the HIGHEST profile cases of bullying market dominance of recent times - and Gates has been able to ACHIEVE the financial status where he can choose to give lots of money away by being ruthless in business. 244. Sales jobs allow for a great deal of discretionary time and effort on the part of the sales representatives - especially when compared with managerial, manufacturing, and service jobs. Most sales representatives work independently and outside the immediate presence of their sales managers. Therefore, some form of goals needs to be in place AS MOTIVE AND GUIDE their performance. Sales personnel are not the only professionals with performance goals or quotas. Health care professionals operating in clinics have daily, weekly, and monthly goals in terms of patient visits. Service personnel are assigned a number of service calls they MUST PERFORM during a set time period. Production workers in manufacturing have output goals. So, why are achieving sales goals or quotas such a big deal? The answer to this question can be found by examining how a firm's other departments are affected by how well the company's salespeople achieve their performance goals. The success of the business HINGES ON the successful sales of its products and services. Consider all the planning, the financial, production and marketing efforts that go into PRODUCING WHAT the sales force sells. Everyone depends on the sales force to sell the company's products and services and they eagerly anticipate knowing things are going. 245. The fall of smallpox began with the realization that SURVIVORS of the disease were immune for the rest of their lives. This led to the practice of variolation - a process of exposing a healthy person to infected material from a person with smallpox in the hopes of producing a mild disease that PROVIDED immunity from further infection. The first written account of variolation describes a Buddhist nun practicing around 1022 to 1063 AD. By the 1700's, this method of variolation was COMMON practice in China, India, and Turkey. In the late 1700's European physicians used this and other methods of variolation, but reported "devastating" results in some cases. Overall, 2% to 3% of people who were variolated died of smallpox, but this practice decreased the total number of smallpox FATALITIES by 10-fold. 246. Remember when universities were bursting at the seams with students sitting in the aisles, balancing books on their knees? No more, it seems. E-learning is as likely to stand for empty lecture theatres as for the internet REVOLUTION, which has greatly increased the volume and range of course, materials available online in the past five years. "The TEMPTATION now is to simply think, 'Everything will be online so I don't need to go to class'," said Dr Kerri-Lee Krause, of the Centre for the Study of Higher Education at the University of Melbourne. The nation's universities are in the process of opening the doors for the new academic year and, while classes are generally well ATTENDED for the early weeks, it often does not last. "There is concern at the university level about student attendance dropping and why students are not coming to lectures," Dr Krause said. But lecturers' pride - and FIERCE competition among universities for students - mean few are willing to acknowledge publicly how poorly attended many classes are. 247. 4 blanks [LAM] Sociology is, in very basic terms, the study of human societies. In this respect, It is usually CLASSED as one of the social sciences (along with subjects like psychology) and was established as a SUBJECT in the late 18th century (through the work of people like the French writer Auguste Comte). However, the subject has only really gained ACCEPTANCE as an academic subject in the 20th century through the work of writers such as Emile Durkheim, Max Weber and Talcott Parsons (names that will be visited throughout this course). One name that you may have heard of - Karl Marx (the founder of modern Communism) - has probably done more to stimulate people’s interest in the subject than anyone else, even though he lived and wrote (1818-1884) in a period before sociology became fully established as an academic discipline. Sociology, therefore, has a reasonably long history of development, (150-200 years) ALTHOUGH in Britain it has only been in the last 30-40 years that sociology as an examined subject in the education system has achieved a level of importance equivalent to, or above, most of the other subjects it is possible to study. 248. 4 blanks [3 ARE LAM] Work-ready international students are providing greater options for local employers who are having difficulties finding local staff due to HIGH employment rates and ongoing labour shortages. International students in accounting and information technology take part in a year-long program consisting of classroom work and practical experience, which provides them with VALUABLE skills, industry contacts and a working KNOWLEDGE of Australian workplaces. 249. 5 blanks [LAM] The study of objects constitutes a relatively new field of academic enquiry, commonly referred to as material culture studies. Students of material culture seek to understand societies, both past and present, through careful study and OBSERVATION of the physical or material objects generated by those societies. The source material for study is EXCEPTIONALLY wide, including not just human-made artefacts but also natural objects and even preserved body parts (as you saw in the film ‘Encountering a body’). Some specialists in the field of material culture have made bold claims for its pre-eminence. In certain disciplines, it REIGNS supreme. It plays a critical role in archaeology, for example, especially in circumstances where written evidence is either patchy or non-existent. In such cases, objects are all SCHOLARS have to rely on in forming an understanding of ancient peoples. Even where written documents survive, the physical remains of literate cultures often help to provide new and interesting insights into how people once lived and thought, as in the case of medieval and post-medieval archaeology. In analysing the physical remains of societies, both past and present, historians, archaeologists, anthropologists and others have been careful to remind us that objects mean different things to DIFFERENT people. 250. 5 blanks [LAM] From the earliest civilisations, plants and animals have been portrayed as a means of understanding and recording their potential uses, such as their economic and healing properties. From the first illustrated CATALOGUE of medicinal plants, De MateriaMedica by Dioscorides, in the first century, through to the late fourteenth century, the illustration of plants and animals changed very little. Woodcuts in instructional manuals and herbals were often repeatedly copied over the centuries, resulting in a loss of definition and accuracy so that they became little more than stylized decoration. With the growing POPULARITY of copperplate engravings, the traditional use of woodcuts declined and the representation of plants and animals became more ACCURATE. Then, with the emergence of artists such as Albrecht Dürer and Leonardo Da Vinci, naturalists such as Otto Brunfels, Leonhard Fuchs in botany and Conrad Gesner and UlisseAldrovandi in zoology, nature began to be DEPICTED in a more realistic style. Individual living plants or animals were observed directly and their likeness RENDERED onto paper or vellum. 251. 5 blanks [LAM] [REFER TO NO. 69] Pinker has argued that swathes of our mental, social and emotional lives may have ORIGINATED as evolutionary adaptations, well suited to the lives our ancestors eked out on the Pleistocene savannah. Sometimes it seems as if nothing is IMMUNE from being explained this way. Road rage, adultery, marriage, altruism, our tendency to reward senior executives with corner offices on the top floor, and the small number of women who become mechanical engineers - all may have their ROOTS in natural selection, Pinker claims. The controversial implications are obvious: that men and women might DIFFER in their inborn abilities at performing certain tasks, for example, or that parenting may have LITTLE influence on personality. 252. 4 blanks [LAM] [REFER TO NO.214] Since the last papal reform, several proposals have been OFFERED to make the Western calendar more useful or REGULAR . Very few reforms have gained official ACCEPTANCE. The rather different decimal French Republican Calendar was one such official reform, but was abolished twelve years later by Napoleon. After World War II the newly-formed United Nations continued efforts of its predecessor, the League of Nations, to establish the proposed World Calendar but POSTPONED the issue after a veto from the US government, which was mainly based upon concerns of religious groups about the proposed days that would be outside the seven day week cycle ("blank days") and thus disrupt having a sabbath every seven days. Independently the World Council of Churches still tries to find a common rule for the date of Easter,[1]which might be eased by a new common calendar. 253. 4 blanks [LAM] With their punk hairstyles and bright colors, marmosets and tamarins are among the most attractive primates on earth. These fast-moving, lightweight animals live in the rainforests of South America. Their small size MAKES it easy for them to dart about the trees, catching insects and small animals such as lizards, frogs, and snails. Marmosets have another unusual food SOURCE – they use their chisel-like incisor teeth to dig into tree bark and lap up the gummy sap that seeps out, leaving telltale, oval-shaped holes in the BRANCHES when they have finished. But as vast tracts of rainforest are cleared for plantations and cattle ranches, marmosets and tamarins are in serious DANGER of extinction. 254. 5 blanks [LAM] Organisations need to integrate their sales activities more both internally and with customers’ needs according to a new book co-authored by an academic at the University of East Anglia. The book ADDRESSES how sales can help organisations to become more customer oriented and considers how they are responding to challenges such as increasing competition, more DEMANDING customers and a more complex selling environment. Many organisations are facing escalating costs and a growth in customer power, WHICH makes it necessary to allocate resources more strategically. The sales function can provide critical customer and market knowledge to help inform both innovation and marketing. However, the authors say that within the industry THERE is still uncertainty about the shape a future sales team should take, how it should be managed, and how it FITS into their organisation’s business model. 255. 5 blanks [LAM] [REFER TO NO. 155] Legal deposit for printed books and papers has existed in English law since 1662. It helps to ensure that the nation’s published output (and thereby its INTELLECTUAL record and future published heritage) is collected systematically, and as comprehensively as possible, both in order to preserve the material for the use of future generations and to make it available for READERS within the designated legal deposit libraries. The legal deposit system also has BENEFITS for authors and publishers: • Publications deposited with the British Library are made available to users in its various Reading Rooms, are PRESERVED for the benefit of future generations, and become part of the national heritage. • Publications are recorded in the online catalogue, and will remain an essential RESEARCH tool for generations to come. 256. 5 blanks [LAM] [REFER TO NO. 144] The word Folklore was first used by the english antiquarian williamthoms in 1846. Folklore A modern term for the BODY of traditional customs, superstitions, stories, dances, and songs that have been adopted and maintained within a given COMMUNITY by processes of repetition not reliant on the written WORD. Along with folk songs and folktales, this broad CATEGORY of cultural forms embraces all kinds of legends, riddles, jokes, proverbs, games, charms, omens, spells, and rituals, especially those of pre-literate societies or social classes. Those forms of verbal expression that are handed on from one generation or locality to the next by word of mouth are said to constitute an oral TRADITION. 257. 3 blanks [LAM] [REFER TO NO. 201] Professor David Lynch is professor and head of education at Charles Darwin University. CAMPUS PROGRESSING Before BEGINNING higher education 258. 4 blanks [LAM] The National Portrait Gallery's Conservation Department performs one of the Gallery's CORE functions, the long-term preservation of all Collection items, to make them ACCESSIBLE now and in future. The Collection dates from the 8th century to the present day, and CONSISTS of portraits in a variety of media, so the Gallery employs Conservators with EXPERTISE in a range of disciplines, including Framing, Painting, Paper, Sculpture and Photography. 259. 4 blanks [Refer to Blank 211] Timing is important for revision. Have you noticed that during the school day you get times when you just don't care any longer? I don't mean the lessons you don't like, but the ones you find usually find OK, but on some occasions you just can't be bothered with it. You may have other THINGS on your mind, be tired, restless, or looking forward to what comes next. Whatever the reason, that particular lesson doesn't get 100 percent EFFORT from you. The same is true of revision. Your mental and physical attitude are IMPORTANT. If you try to revise when you are tired or totally occupied with something else, your revision will be inefficient and just about worthless. If you approach it feeling fresh, alert and happy, it will be so much easier and you will learn more, faster. However, if you make no plans and just slip in a little bit of revision when you feel like it, you probably wont do much revision! You need a revision timetable so you don't keep PUTTING IT OFF. 260. 4 blanks [LAM] [Refer to Blank 47] Colorful poison frogs in the Amazon owe their great diversity to ancestors that leapt into the region from the Andes Mountains several times during the last 10 million years, a new study from The University of Texas at Austin suggests. This is the first study to show that the Andes have been a major SOURCE of diversity for the Amazon basin, one of the largest RESERVOIRS of biological diversity on Earth. The finding runs counter to the idea that Amazonian diversity is the result of evolution only within the tropical forest itself. "Basically, the Amazon basin is a 'melting pot' for South American frogs," says graduate student Juan Santos, lead author of the study. "Poison frogs there have come from multiple places of ORIGIN notably the Andes Mountains, over many millions of years. We have shown that you cannot understand Amazonian biodiversity by looking only IN the basin. Adjacent regions have played a major role." 261. 4 blanks [LAM] Capital is often narrowly known as physical capital… i. LEAN TOWARDS ii. SUPPORT iii. REGULATING iv. UNRELIABLE 262. 5 BLANKS (LAM) [REFER TO 157] Over the last ten thousand years there seem to have been two separate and conflicting building sentiments throughout the history of towns and cities. ONE is the desire to start again, for a variety of reasons: an earthquake or a tidal wave may have demolished the settlement, or fire destroyed it, or the new city MARKS a new political beginning. The other can be likened to the effect of a magnet: established settlements attract people, who TEND TO come whether or not there is any planning for their arrival. The clash between these two sentiments is evident in every established city UNLESS its development has been almost completely accidental or is lost in history. Incidentally, many settlements have been planned from the beginning but, for a variety of reasons, no settlement followed the plan. A good example is Currowan, on the Clyde River in New South Wales, which WAS SURVEYED in the second half of the 19th century, in expectation that people would come to establish agriculture and a small port. But no one came. Most country towns in New South Wales started with an original survey, whose grid lines are still there today in the pattern of the original streets. 263. 4 blanks [LAM] Interior designing is professionally conducted… i. CONCERNED ii. TOPICS iii. UNRELATED iv. ALTERED 264. Blanks [LAM] Sharks killed four people and bit 58 others around the world in 2006, a comparatively dull year for dangerous encounters between the two species, scientists said in their annual shark attack census on Tuesday. Sharkbite numbers GREW steadily over the last century as humans reproduced exponentially and spent more time at the seashore. But the numbers have been FLAT over the past five years as overfishing THINNED the shark population near shore and swimmers GOT SMARTER about the risks of wading into certain areas, Burgess said. 265. 5 Blanks [LAM] Learning to write well in college means learning (or re-learning) how to write clearly and plainly. Now that doesn't mean that plainness is the only good style, or that you should become a SLAVE to spare, unadorned writing. Formality and orateness have their place, and in COMPETENT hands complexity can take us on a dizzying, breathtaking journey. But most students, most of the time, should STRIVE to be sensibly simple, to develop a baseline style of short words, active verbs and relatively simple sentence CONVEYING clear actions or identities. It's faster, it makes arguments easier to follow, it increases the chances a busy reader will bother to pay attention, and it lets you PAY more attention on your moments of rhetorical flourish, which I do not advise abandoning altogether. 266. 4 blanks [LAM] This article explains that the changing climate will be very costly for US states… i. LOSSES ii. RAINFALL iii. CATASTROPHIC iv. ECONOMIC 267. 3 Blanks [LAM] [Refer to 84] Sportswomen's records are important and need to be preserved. And if the paper records don't EXIST, we need to get out and start asking people, not to put too fine a point on it, while we still have a CHANCE. After all, it the records aren't kept in some form or another, the stories are LOST too. 268. 4 blanks [LAM] Digital media and internet has made sharing things… i. Enforcement ii. Prompted iii. Challenges iv. Creative 269. 4 Blanks [LAM] [Refer to 204] The rest of the universe appears to be made of a mysterious, invisible SUBSTANCE called dark matter (25 percent) and a force that REPELS gravity known as dark energy (70 percent). Scientists have not yet OBSERVED dark matter directly. It doesn't interact with baryonic matter and it's completely invisible to light and other forms of electromagnetic radiation, making dark matter impossible to DETECT with current instruments. But scientists are confident it exists because of the gravitational effects it appears to have on galaxies and galaxy clusters. 270. 4 Blanks [LAM] Our analysis of the genetic structure of northern spotted owls A. Distinct B. Several C. facilitated D. Suggesting 271. 5 Blanks [LAM] Recent developments in socioeconomic climate and technology A. Important B. Gap C. Increase D. Speed E. Respond 272. 4 Blanks [LAM] An American retail giant is set to ask its suppliers to measure and report their greenhouse gas emissions A. Disclose B. Data C. Conflate D. Campaigners 273. 5 Blanks [LAM] Last year I went to Germany. The trip … Trip Been Connecting Land Another 274. 5 Blanks [LAM] Twelve hundred miles east of Australia lie the islands of New Zealand.. A. lie B. discovered C. notable D. system E. estimated 275. 5 Blanks [LAM] The most common reasons for carrying out a detailed medical examination.. A. reasons B. establish C. knowledge D. involves 276. 4 blanks [LAM] Learning is a process by which behavior or knowledge changes as a result of experience. Learning from experience plays a major role IN enabling us to do many things that we clearly were not born to do, from the simplest tasks, such as flipping a light switch, to the more complex, such as playing a musical instrument. To many people, the term “learning” signifies the ACTIVITIES that students do reading, listening, and taking tests in order to acquire new information. This process, which is known as cognitive learning, is just ONE type of learning, however. Another way that we learn is by associative learning, which is the focus of this module. You probably ASSOCIATE CERTAIN holidays with specific sights, sounds, and smells, or foods with specific flavors and textures. We are not the only SPECIES with this skill even the simplest animals such as the earthworm can learn by association. 277. 5 blanks [LAM] Progressive enhancement is a design practice based on the idea that instead OF DESIGNING for the least capable browser, or mangling our code to make a site look the same in every browser, we should provide a core set of functionality and information to all users, and THEN PROGRESSIVELY enhance the appearance and behavior of the site for users of more capable browsers. It’s very productive development practice. INSTEAD OF SPENDING hours working out how to add drop shadows to the borders of an element in every browser, we simply use the standards-based approach for browsers that support it and don’t even attempt to implement it in browsers that don’t. After all, the users of older and less capable browsers won’t know what they are missing. THE BIGGEST CHALLENGE to progressive enhancement is the belief among developers and clients that websites should look the same in every browser. As a developer, you can simplify your life and dedicate your time to more interesting challenges if you let go of this outdated notion and embrace progressive enhancement. 278. 4 blanks Crime prevention has a long history in Australia, and in other parts of the world. In all societies, people have tried to PROTECT themselves and those close to them from assaults and other abuses. Every time someone locks the door to their house or their car, they practise A FORM OF prevention. Most parents want their children to learn to be law abiding and not spend extended periods of their lives in prison. In this country, at least, most succeed. Only a small minority of young people become recidivist offenders. In a functioning society, crime prevention is part of everyday life. While prevention can be all-pervasive at the grassroots, it is oddly neglected in mass media and political discourses. When politicians, talkback radio hosts and newspaper editorialists pontificate about crime and POSSIBLE remedies, it is comparatively rare for THEM TO mention prevention. Overwhelmingly, emphasis is on policing, sentencing and other ‘law and order’ responses. 279. 5 blanks [LAM][Refer to 158] Genius, in the popular conception, is inextricably tied up with precocity—doing something truly creative, we’re inclined to think, requires the freshness and exuberance and energy of youth. Orson Welles made his masterpiece, “Citizen Kane,” at twenty-five. Herman Melville wrote a book a year THROUGH his late twenties, culminating, at age thirty-two, with “Moby-Dick.” Mozart wrote his breakthrough Piano Concerto No. 9 in E-Flat-Major at the AGE of twenty-one. In some creative forms, like lyric poetry, the IMPORTANCE of precocity has hardened into an iron law. How old was T. S. Eliot when he wrote “The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock” (“I grow old . . . I grow old”)? Twenty-three. “Poets peak young,” the creativity researcher James Kaufman maintains. MihályCsíkszentmihályi, the author of “Flow,” agrees: “The most creative lyric verse is believed to be that written by the young.” According to the Harvard psychologist Howard Gardner, a leading AUTHORITY on creativity, “Lyric poetry is a domain where TALENT is discovered early, burns brightly, and then peters out at an early age.” 280. 3 blanks [LAM] As the economic depression deepened in the early 30s, and as farmers had less and less money to spend in their town, banks began to fail at ALARMING rates. During the 20s, there was an average of 70 banks failing each year nationally. After the crash during the first 10 months of 1930, 744 banks failed – 10 times as many. In all, 9,000 banks failed during the decade of the 30s. It's estimated that 4,000 banks FAILED during the one year of 1933. By 1933, depositors saw $140 billion DISAPPEAR through bank failures. 281. 3 blanks [LAM] The Classic era of Mayan CIVILISATION came to an end around 900 AD. Why this happened is unclear; the cities were probably over-farming the land, so that a PERIOD of drought led to famine. Recent geological RESEARCH supports this, as there appears to have been a 200-year drought around this time. 282. 5 blanks [LAM] Although for centuries preparations derived from living MATTER were applied to wounds to destroy INFECTION, the fact that a microorganism is CAPABLE of destroying one of another species was not ESTABLISHED until the latter half of the 19th cent. When Pasteur noted the antagonistic effect of other bacteria on the anthrax organism and pointed out that this action might be put to THERAPEUTIC use. 283.4 blanks[Mounika*] NOT GIVEN TO STUDENTS SO FAR (28TH MAY) The UW course descriptions are UPDATED regularly during the academic year. All announcements in the General Catalog and Course Catalog are subject to change without NOTICE and do not constitute an AGREEMENT between the University of Washington and the student. Students should assume the responsibility of CONSULTING the appropriate academic unit or adviser for more current or specific information. 284. The agreement commits Nasa to offer SpaceX help with deep space navigation and communications, design of the spacecraft’s TRAJECTORY and help with developing the landing system. The SpaceX mission will use a version of the Dragon spacecraft that currently flies to the International Space Station under SpaceX’s resupply CONTRACTS with Nasa. As part of work to develop a version of the capsule that can carry astronauts, SpaceX has developed and tested motors that allow the craft to make a safe landing on earth in the event of an emergency during take-off. SpaceX would adapt that system to allow the craft to touch down on Mars. The craft would be launched on its journey by SpaceX’s new Falcon Heavy rocket, a heavy-lift version of its existing Falcon 9, which it expects to fly for the first time later this year. Because interplanetary missions require spacecraft to be launched from earth’s surface faster than orbital flights such as missions to the space station, they depend on heavy rockets, usually three standard rockets strapped together. 284.5 blanks [3 ARE LAM] Snails are not traditionally known for quick thinking, but new research shows they can make complex decisions using just two brain cells in FINDINGS that could help engineers design more efficient robots.Scientists at the University of Sussex attached electrodes to the HEADS of freshwater snails as they searched for lettuce. They found that just one cell was used by the mollusc to tell if it was HUNGRY or not, while another let it know when food was present.Food-searching is an example of goal-directed behaviour, during which an animal must integrate information about both its external environment and internal state while using as little energy as possible. Lead researcher Professor George Kemenes, said: “This will eventually help us design the “brains” of robots based on the principle of using the fewest possible components necessary to perform complex tasks. “What goes on in our brains when we make complex behavioural decisions and carry them out is poorly understood. “Our study reveals for the first time how just two neurons can create a mechanism in an animal’s brain which drives and optimises complex decision-making tasks. 285. 4 blanks [2 ARE LAM] Language comes so naturally to us that it is easy to forget what a strange and miraculous gift it is. All over the world members of our SPECIES fashion their breath into hisses and hums and squeaks and pops and listen to others do the same. We do this, of course, not only because we like the sounds but because details of the sounds contain information about the INTENTIONS of the person making them. We humans are fitted with a means of sharing our ideas, in all their unfathomable vastness. When we listen to speech, we can be led to think thoughts that have never been thought before and that never would have occurred to us on our own. Behold, the bush burned with fire, and the bush was not consumed. Man is born free, and everywhere he is in chains. Emma Woodhouse, handsome, clever, and rich, with a comfortable home and happy disposition, seemed to unite some of the best blessings of existence. Energy equals mass times the speed of light squared. I have found it impossible to carry the heavy burden of responsibility and to discharge my duties as King without the help and support of the woman I love. 286. 4 blanks [LAM] Chemistry is an extremely important topic in physiology. Most physiological processes occur as the RESULT of chemical changes that occur within the body. These changes include the influx/efflux of ions across a neuron's membrane, causing a SIGNAL to pass from one end to the other. Other examples include the STORAGE of oxygen in the blood by a protein as it PASSES through the lungs for usage throughout the body. 287. 3 blanks [LAM] How is plagiarism detected? It is usually easy for lecturers to identify plagiarism within students work. The University also actively investigates plagiarism in students assessed work through electronic detection software called Turnitin. This software COMPARES students work against text on the Internet, in journal articles and within previously SUBMITTED work (from LSBU and other institutions) and highlights any matches it FINDS . 288. 4 blanks [LAM] The United Nations is an international organization founded in 1945. Due to its unique international character, and the powers vested in its founding Charter, the organization can take ACTION on a wide range of issues and provide a forum for its 193 Member States to EXPRESS their views, through the General Assembly, the Security Council, the Economic and Social Council and other bodies and committees. The work of the United Nations reaches every CORNER of the globe. Although best known for peacekeeping, peacebuilding, conflict PREVENTION, and humanitarian assistance, there are many other ways the United Nations and its system (specialized agencies, funds, and programmes) affect our lives and make the world a better place. 289. 4 blanks [LAM] Volcanoes blast more than 100 million tons of carbon dioxide into the atmosphere every year but the gas is usually HARMLESS. When a volcano erupts, carbon dioxide spreads out into the atmosphere and isn’t CONCENTRATED in one spot. But sometimes the gas gets trapped UNDERGROUND under enormous pressure. If it escapes to the surface in a dense CLOUD, it can push out oxygen-rich air and become deadly. 290. 4 blanks [LAM] English has been changing throughout its lifetime and it's still changing today. For most of us, these changes are fine as long as they're well and truly in the past. Paradoxically, we can be CURIOUS about word origins and the stories behind the structures we find in our language, but we experience a queasy distaste for any change that might be happening right under our noses. There are even language critics who are CONVINCED that English is dying, or if not dying at least being progressively CRIPPLED through long years of mistreatment. 291. 3 blanks [LAM] [Refer to 214] Old version Since the last papal reform, several proposals have been OFFERED to make the Western calendar more useful or REGULAR. Very few reforms, such as the rather different decimal French Republican and Soviet calendars, had gained official ACCEPTANCE, but each was put out of use shortly after its introduction. New version [LAM] Since the last papal reform, several PROPOSALS have been offeredto make the Western calendar more useful or REGULAR. Very few reforms, such as the rather different decimal French Republican and Soviet calendars, had gained official ACCEPTANCE, but each was put out of use shortly after its introduction. 291. 3 blanks [LAM] [Refer to 105][ Paragraph was somewhat different] Impressionist painters 1. Radical 2. Generations 3. Source 4. Subject 292. 4 blanks [LAM] Education is generally considered to be a key factor in improving outcomes for Indigenous Australians, with many studies showing that improved HEALTH and socioeconomic status are directly LINKED to educational participation and achievement. There is a range of issues AFFECTING participation in education for Indigenous Australians, including ACCESS to educational institutions, financial constraints, and community expectations. 293. 3 blanks [LAM] You can study anywhere. Obviously, some places are better than others. Libraries, study lounges or private rooms are best. Above all, the place you choose to study should not be distracting. Distractions can BUILD up, and the first thing you know, you're out of time and out of LUCK. Make choosing a good physical environment a part of your study HABITS. 294. 3 blanks [LAM] The Nature Conservation Amendment Act of 1996 enables the Minister of Environment and Tourism to register a conservancy if it has a REPRESENTATIVE committee, a legal constitution, which provides for the sustainable MANAGEMENT and utilisation of game in the conservancy, the ability to manage the funds, an approved method for the EQUITABLE distribution of benefits to members of the community and defined boundaries. 295. 4 blanks [LAM] One of Australia’s most remarkable natural gifts, the Great Barrier Reef is blessed with the breathtaking beauty of the world’s largest coral reef. The reef contains an ABUNDANCE of marine life and comprises of over 3000 individual reef systems and coral cays and literally hundreds of PICTURESQUE tropical islands with some of the world’s most beautiful sun-soaked, golden beaches.Because of its natural beauty, the Great Barrier Reef has become one of the world’s most SOUGHT after tourist destinations. A visitor to the Great Barrier Reef can enjoy many EXPERIENCES including snorkelling, scuba diving, aircraft or helicopter tours, bare boats (self-sail), glass-bottomed boat viewing, semi-submersibles and educational trips, cruise ship tours, whale watching and swimming with dolphins. 296. 4 blanks [LAM] [REFER TO 219] The narrative of law and order is located fundamentally at the level of individual guilt and responsibility. Criminal acts are seen as individual issues of personal responsibility and CULPABILITY, to which the state responds by way of policing, PROSECUTION, adjudication and punishment. This is but one level at which crime and criminal justice can be analysed. The problem is that so often analysis ends there, at the level of individual action, CHARACTERISED in terms of responsibility, guilt, evil. In few other areas of social life does individualism have this hold. To take but one INSTANCE, it would be absurd to restrict analysis of obesity, to individual greed. It should similarly be widely seen as absurd to restrict analysis of criminal justice issues to the culpability of individuals. 297. 4 blanks [LAM] [REFER TO 229] A new interdisciplinary centre for the study of the frontiers of the universe, from the tiniest subatomic particle to the largest chain of galaxies, has been formed at The University of Texas at Austin. The Texas Cosmology Center will be a way for the university's departments of Astronomy and Physics to COLLABORATE on research that concerns them both. "This centre will bring the two departments together in an area where they OVERLAP--in the physics of the very early universe," said Dr. Neal Evans, Astronomy Department chair. Astronomical observations have REVEALED the presence of dark matter and dark energy, discoveries that challenge our knowledge of fundamental physics. And today's leading theories in physics involve energies so high that no Earth-bound particle accelerator can test them. They need the universe as their LABORATORY. Dr. Steven Weinberg, Nobel laureate and professor of physics at the university, called the Centre's ADVENT "a very exciting development" for that department. 298. 4 blanks [LAM] [REFER TO 250] From the earliest civilisations, plants and animals have been portrayed as a means of understanding and recording their potential uses, such as their economic and healing properties. From the first ILLUSTRATED catalogue of medicinal plants, De MateriaMedica by Dioscorides, in the first century, through to the late fourteenth century, the illustration of plants and animals changed very little. Woodcuts in instructional manuals and herbals were often repeatedly copied over the centuries, resulting in a loss of definition and accuracy so that they became little more than stylized decoration. With the growing POPULARITY of copperplate engravings, the traditional use of woodcuts declined and the representation of plants and animals became more accurate . Then, with the emergence of ARTISTS such as Albrecht Dürer and Leonardo Da Vinci, naturalists such as Otto Brunfels, Leonhard Fuchs in botany and Conrad Gesner and UlisseAldrovandi in zoology, nature began to be depicted in a more realistic style. Individual living plants or animals were observed directly and their likeness RENDERED onto paper or vellum. 299. 4 blanks [LAM] In the process of studying these techniques, I learned something REMARKABLE: that there’s far more potential in our MINDS than we often give them credit for. I’m not just talking about the fact that it’s possible to memorize lots of INFORMATION using memory techniques. I’m talking about a lesson that is more GENERAL, and in a way much bigger: that it’s possible, with training and hard work, to teach oneself to do something that might seem really DIFFICULT. 300. 3 blanks [LAM] The American cabinet, unlike the British, has no connection with the legislature, and this lack of COORDINATION between executive and legislature is one of the DISTINCTIVE features of American federal government. It came as a reaction against George Ill’s very intimate relations with the House of Commons. The Constitution guarded against executive control through "place- men” by DISQUALIFYING federal officials. 301. 4 blanks [LAM] An exhibit that brings together for the first time landscapes painted by French impressionist Pierre-Auguste Renoir COMES to the NATIONAL Gallery of Canada this June. The GALLERY in Ottawa worked with the National Gallery of London and the Philadelphia Museum of Art to PULL together the collection of 60 Renoir paintings from 45 public and private collections. 302. 5 blanks [LAM] Pre-Raphaelitism was Britain’s most significant and influential 19th-century art movement. Founded in 1848, it CENTRED on a group of three young artists: William Holman Hunt, Dante Gabriel Rossetti and John Everett Millais. These artists sought to revive English art by radically turning away from the old studio TRADITION and bringing painting into direct CONTACT with nature. With an eye for absolute ACCURACY, every detail was now to have intense realist as well as SYMBOLIC meaning. 303. 3 blanks [LAM] Symbiosis is a biological RELATIONSHIP in which two species live in CLOSE proximity to each other and interact regularly in such a way as to benefit one or both of the ORGANISMS. When both partners benefit, this variety of symbiosis is known as mutualism. 304. 4 blanks [LAM] The supply of a thing, in the phrase " supply and demand," is the amount that will be offered for sale at each of a series of prices ; the demand is the amount that will be bought at each of a series of prices. The principle that value depends on supply and demand means that in the case of nearly every commodity, more will be bought if the price is lowered, less will be bought if the price is RAISED. Therefore sellers, if they wish to induce buyers to take more of a commodity than they are already doing, must REDUCE its price ; if they raise its price, they will sell less. If there is a general falling of if in demand — due, say, to trade depression — sellers will either have to reduce prices or put less on the MARKET; they will not be able to sell the same AMOUNT at the same price. Similarly with supply. At a certain price a certain amount will be offered for sale, at a higher price more will be offered, at a lower price less. If consumers want more, they must offer a higher price ; if they want less, they will probably be able to force prices down. That is the first result of a change in demand or supply. 305. 5 blanks [LAM] [EITHER FACED OR ASSOCIATED] Australia and New Zealand have many common links. Both countries were recently settled by Europeans, are predominantly English speaking and in that sense, share a common cultural HERITAGE. Although in close proximity to one another, both countries are geographically isolated and have small populations by world STANDARDS. They have similar histories and enjoy close relations on many fronts. In terms of population CHARACTERISTICS, Australia and New Zealand have much in common. Both countries have minority indigenous populations, and during the latter half of the 20th century have seen a steady stream of migrants from a variety of regions throughout the world. Both countries have EXPERIENCED similar declines in fertility since the high levels recorded during the baby boom, and alongside this have enjoyed the benefits of continually improving life expectancy. One consequence of these trends is that both countries are FACED with an ageing population, and the ASSOCIATED challenge of providing appropriate care and support for this growing group within the community. 306. 5 blanks [LAM] Language comes so naturally to us that it is easy to forget what a strange and miraculous gift it is. All over the world members of our SPECIES fashion their breath into hisses and hums and squeaks and pops and listen to others do the SAME. We do this, of course, not only because we like the sounds but because details of the sounds contain information about the INTENTIONS of the person making them. We humans are fitted with a means of SHARING our ideas, in all their unfathomable vastness. When we listen to speech, we can be led to think thoughts that have never been thought before and that never would have OCCURRED to us on our own. 307. 4 blanks [2 ARE LAM] Academic writing is an expression of logic that is the product of thinking. This MEANS that the writing that you produce is a reflection of your intellectual abilities. It PUTS into words your knowledge and your conceptual understanding and shows evidence of your ability to think critically. 308. 3 blanks [LAM] The University of Maryland boasts 78 academic programs RANKED in the top 25 nationally and 29 academic programs in the top 10 according to U.S. News and World report. By drawing top-notch faculty, attracting the brightest students and INVESTING in the quality of our academic programs, we are a force to reckon with on a national BASIS. 309. 3 blanks [LAM] The CLOSING decades of an artist’s life do not generally make the biographer’s heart beat faster, but Claude Monet is one of a HANDFUL of painters who bucks the pattern of an irrelevant old age. While it’s true that by the time he was 73 he had ACCUMULATED all the usual dragging baggage. 310. 4 blanks [3 ARE LAM][refer to 57] Two decades ago, Kashmiri houseboat-owners rubbed their hands every spring at the prospect of the annual influx of TOURISTS. From May to October, the hyacinth-choked WATERS of Dal Lake saw flotillas of vividly painted shikaras. Then, in 1989, separatist and Islamist militancy struck and everything changed. Hindus and countless Kashmiri business people bolted, at least 35,000 people were killed in a decade, the lake stagnated and the houseboats rotted. Any foreigners venturing there risked their LIVES. 311. 4 blanks [LAM][refer to 36] Researchers already know that spending long periods of time in a zero-gravity ENVIRONMENT— such as that inside the International Space station (ISS)— results in loss of bone density and DAMAGE to the body's muscles. That's partly why stays aboard the ISS are RESTRICTED to six months. And now, a number of NASA astronauts are reporting that their 20/20 vision DETERIORATING after spending time in space, with many needing glasses once they returned Earth. 312. 5 blanks [LAM] Omniscience may be a foible of men, but it is not so of books. Knowledge, as Johnson said, is of two KINDS, you may know a thing yourself, and you may know where to find it.Now the amount which you may actually know yourself must, at its best, be limited, but what you may know of the SOURCES of information may, with proper training, become almost boundless. And here come the VALUE and use of reference books--the working of one book in connexion with another--and applying your own INTELLIGENCE to both. By this means we get as near to that omniscient volume which tells everything as ever we shall get, and although the single volume or work which tells everything does not exist, there is a vast number of reference books in existence, a knowledge and proper use of which is essential to every intelligent person. Necessary as I believe reference books to be, they can easily be made to be CONTRIBUTORY to idleness, and too mechanical a use should not be made of them. Very admirable reference books come to us from America, where great industry is shown, and funds for publishing them never seem to be short. The French, too, are excellent at reference books, but the inferior way in which they are printed makes them tiresome to refer to. 313. 4blanks [LAM] The Alpine Newt is native to much of central, continental Europe and OCCURS up the coasts of northeast France through to Holland but it does not APPEAR to have been native to the British Isles. As its name SUGGESTS it can be found in montane habitats up to 2,500 metres in altitude but it can also be abundant in lowlands, and it will use a VARIETY of water-bodies including both shallow and deep ponds and slow flowing streams (Griffiths, 1995). 314. [LAM] One of the characteristics of ‘good’ information identified earlier was that it should be ‘balanced’. In an ideal world, ‘objective’ or ‘balanced’ information would present all the evidence for and against, and leave you to WEIGH this up and draw CONCLUSIONS. In the real world, however, we recognise that all information presents a position of interest, although this may not necessarily be intentional. Objectivity may therefore be an unachievable ideal. This means that the onus is on you as the reader and user of the information to develop a CRITICAL awareness of the positions represented in what you read, and to take ACCOUNT of this when you interpret the information. In some cases, authors may explicitly express a particular viewpoint – this is perfectly valid as long as they are open about the perspective they represent. Hidden bias, whether or not it is DELIBERATE, can be misleading. 315. [LAM] Chaucer's Tales quickly SPREAD throughout England in the early fifteenth century. Scholars feel The Canterbury TalesREACHED their instant and continued success because of their accurate and oftentimes VIVID portrayal of human nature, unchanged through 600 years since Chaucer's time. 316. [3 ARE LAM] Twenty years ago, not so long before B-15 broke off from Antarctica, “we didn’t even know that icebergs made noise,” says Haru Matsumoto, an ocean engineer at NOAA who has studied these sounds. But in the past FEW years, scientists have started to learn to distinguishthe eerie, haunting sounds of iceberg life—ice cracking, icebergs grinding against each other, an iceberg grounding on the seafloor—and measure the extent to WHICH those sounds contribute to the noise of the ocean. While they’re just now learning to listen, the sounds of ice could help them understand the behavior and breakup of icebergs and ice shelves as the poles warm UP. 317. [LAM] Dr Matthews said demographic characteristics had a substantial impact on the choices people made about KiwiSaver funds and retirement savings more generally. When it came to fund selection, she found there were significant differences based on gender. Men are more likely to INVEST in aggressive and growth funds, while women are more likely to choose CONSERVATIVE funds. “Males are risk takers, WHETHER it’s in their choice of car or their investment fund,” she says. “But when it comes to long-term savings, risk taking can ACTUALLY be an advantage.” 318. [LAM] This course provides students with an in-depth understanding of the exciting disciplines of politics and international relations and commerce. Students will learn about the WORKINGS of political institutions in countries around the world and explore the complex field of relations between nations. Topics in governance, public policy, public administration, national security, border control and commerce ensure that students receive a BROAD and current education in the range of issues which are covered under the label of politics and international relations and commerce. Bachelor of Commerce students SPECIALISE in one of the following areas Accounting, Banking & Financial Services, Business Administration, Economics, Financial Planning, Human Resource Management, Information Systems, International Business, Marketing Management, Public Sector Management, or Tourism Management. In addition to acquiring specialist knowledge and competencies in Politics and International Relations and Commerce, students will graduate with a range of generic skills such as critical thinking, enhanced communication abilities, problem solving and STRONG capacities to work with others. They will also develop ethically based and socially RESPONSIBLE attitudes and behaviours. 319. [LAM] Throughout the 18th century, mathematicians, scientists and philosophers researched, discussed, and published their investigations into how the world worked, while engineers and inventors developed new and successful machines and processes. The latest theories inspired greater invention, and more technology encouraged theoretical scientists to make further discoveries in medicine, biology, mechanics, physics, and chemistry. By 1800, the new machines HAD brought revolutionary changes to the workplace, transportation and communications, and eventually to the home. Some of these inventions simply made it easier to produce things on a large scale such as textile machines and foundries,WHICHproduced large quantities of cloth and metal objects quickly and cheaply. But some inventions BROUGHT completely new possibilities such as the first batteries, steamboats, and locomotives. It would take decades for some of these inventions to make a big impact on the world. YET their creation, and the sheer amount of imagination and risk-taking involved, marked the beginning of a modern, global, technologically based economy of the kind that we live in today. 320. [LAM] In search of lessons to APPLY in our own careers, we often try to emulate what effective leaders do. Roger Martin says this focus is misplaced, because MOVES that work in one context may make little sense in another. A more productive, though more difficult, APPROACH is to look at how such leaders think. 321. [LAM] Dance has played an important role in may musicals. In some CASES dance numbers are included as an excuse to add to the colour and spectacle of the show, but dance is more EFFECTIVE when it forms an integral part of the plot. An early example is Richard Rodgers On Your Toes(1936) in which the story about classical ballet meeting the world of jazz enabled dance to be introduced in a way that ENHANCES, rather than interrupts the drama.